• Cryonics Overview
  
• Existing Cryonics Organizations
  
• Cryonics Services Offered
  
• Sizes of the Organizations
  
• Whole Body/Neuro Options
  
• Cryopreservation and Yearly Fees
  
• Human Cryopreservation Procedures
  
• Funding Cryonics by Insurance
  

Bylaw A. User Agreement

Article 1
The following shall be the letter of the agreement that all visitors, Members and their guests will be asked to abide by when interacting with the LongeCity("ImmInst") website: Please read this Agreement carefully before accessing the Site.

Section01 The Nature of this Agreement
(a) The following are the terms and conditions (the "Agreement") offered to any person ("you") for access and use (including but not limited to forum user registration) of the LongeCity/Immortality Institute (ImmInst) web site and all affiliated web sites (the "Site"). The Agreement is the basis for using and interacting with the ImmInst website. By accessing the Site, you agree to abide by this Agreement.
(b) Access to the Site is a privilege and not a right. If you do not agree with this Agreement, or have no intention to follow the rules outlined herein, you may not use the Site. If you have any reason to interact with a representative
of ImmInst, but you do not wish to follow these rules, please email support@imminst.org
(c) The information in this document is subject to change. These changes will be announced on the Site, but you must also agree to periodically review this document for changes. After eight (8) days of any change in the Rules, your continued use of the Site indicates your acceptance of any changes made.

Section02 Account registration
(a) Only natural persons aged 16 or above may register an account with ImmInst.
(b) Each natural person may hold one single account. Registering with multiple accounts is not allowed unless specific permission is given by ImmInst.
(c) You may not use the account of another person unless such use is inadvertent and infrequent (e.g. using a family members login from the same computer not noticing that the person forgot to log out).
(d) Persons whose accounts have been suspended, deleted or blocked by ImmInst may never register another account unless specific permission is given by ImmInst.
(e) Users are free to choose any alias as long as the name is not offensive and as long as there is no risk that the username may be confused with a natural person, entity, initiative or endeavour that the person using the account is not authorised to represent. Final decisions on the acceptability of any user alias are made by ImmInst leadership.
(f) An ImmInst Member who has been suspended or banned from the Site is not considered in good standing. A user who has been suspended or banned from the Site may not apply to become an ImmInst Member.
(g) Accounts may be suspended, deleted, or changed by ImmInst for a variety of reasons including but not limited to a violation of this user agreement. If you are unsure why your account is inaccessible you can email support@imminst.org.
You must not register a new account the without express permission from the Secretary.
(h) When an account has been suspended, Members will be notified within 8 days of suspension and may appeal to the Secretary within 8 days after receiving such notification. If no agreement can be reached with the Secretary, the Member may appeal the case to the Board. There is no right to appeal for users or other individuals who are not Members.

Section03 Content
(a) ImmInst provides an open platform for registered users to share text, video, audio, programmes, scripts, files, hyperlinks and other material on the Site ("Content") as long as such sharing is lawful and not in contravention of this
Agreement. However, ImmInst does not undertake to scrutinise, evaluate, test or verify any Content prior to it being shared on the Site.
(b) Content from the Site may be downloaded solely for your own non-commercial use.
(c) You understand that by using the Site, you may be exposed to Content that you may deem offensive, indecent or objectionable.
(d) ImmInst does not control the Content contributed by users and, consequently, provides no guarantee as to the correctness, integrity or fitness of such Content.
(e) Content are the responsibility of the person from whom such Content originated. You agree that you and not ImmInst, are entirely responsible for all Content that you upload, post, email, link, transmit or otherwise make available via the Site.
(f) When contributing Content, you agree that this Content may be edited or deleted or rendered to display in a different manner at the discretion of ImmInst.
(g) ImmInst will not use Content you contribute for commercial gain without your express permission, but cannot warrant or guarantee in any way that others who you decide to share the Content with might not use it for commercial activities.
(h) ImmInst cannot be held responsible for any Content that has been contributed through its open platform. ImmInst will not react to requests to verify, redact, edit, delete or obfuscate any Content.

Section04 Intellectual Property & Privacy
(a) By contributing Content you agree that you shall have no recourse against ImmInst for any alleged or actual infringement or misappropriation of any proprietary right in relation to the Content that you have contributed.
(b) By contributing your own original Content you agree to make this Content available in perpetuity under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. http://creativecommo...-nc-nd/3.0/us/unless you give express notification to the contrary at the same time that you contribute the Content.
(c) ImmInst will not share private data with third parties without your consent, however ImmInst may use the information it obtains as a result of your visiting and/or registering with the Site for the purpose of enforcing this Agreement or in order to save a life or prevent unlawful activity.
(d) ImmInst is not responsible if you decide to post or share private information about yourself or others on the forum. ImmInst will not normally redact, remove or alter such data if you subsequently change your mind.

Section05 Limitation of Liability
(a) In no event will ImmInst be liable for consequential or incidental damages
which may arise in connection with your use of the Site. Accordingly, you agree that ImmInst shall not be responsible to you or anyone else for any loss-of-profit, direct, indirect, incidental, special, or consequential damages
arising out of the use of the site.
(b) You acknowledge that the limitations set forth herein are integral to the amount of consideration levied in connection with the access and use of the Site and any services rendered hereunder and that, were ImmInst to assume any further liability other than as set forth herein, such consideration would of necessity be set substantially higher.
(c) You agree to defend, indemnify and hold ImmInst and its officers, directors,agents, and employees harmless against all costs, expenses, and losses, incurred from any violation of this Agreement (including negligent or wrongful conduct) by your use and access of the Site.
(d) ImmInst provides the Site and associated information "as is" and does not make any direct or indirect express or implied warranties.
(e) ImmInst does not verify the credentials of anyone contributing Content to the site and does not endorse any Content that is contributed as advice. Anyone providing advice and guidance on or in association with the site is doing this strictly in a personal capacity, whether or not this person has an official role with ImmInst, unless the advice is specifically, expressly and in each instance authorised by an ImmInst director. Users are reminded that 'Advisors' are advising the ImmInst board on policy. This does not constitute an endorsement by ImmInst of that Advisors communications with others.

Section06 Basic Prohibitions
(a) The following activities are strictly prohibited and may lead to immediate suspension or deletion of the account, court action and notification of law enforcement officials.
(b) Violating any applicable local, state, national or international law;
(c) Personal threats to anybody, whether or not that person is using the Site
(d) Misrepresenting yourself as a person who you are not.
(e) Representing yourself as affiliated with an organisation without due authorisation.
(f) Contributing Content that contains a virus, any type of malware or corrupted data;
(g) Interacting with the Site in such a way as to seriously impair the functioning or usability of the Site including but not limited to excessive contribution of irrelevant Content;
(h) Display the contents of the Site on a different web site without permission.
(i) Violate the Site's security including but not limited to accessing unauthorized data or logging into an account or attempt to log into an account for which you do not have authorization, scan or test for hardware or software
vulnerabilities, perform a denial of service attack, attempt to spread a virus or malware, or falsify TCP/IP information.
(j) Contributing any solicitation including but not limited to advertising, promotional materials, junk mail, spam, chain letters, pyramid schemes (also see section 8 below)

Section07 Content related to health
(a) Any and all advice and/or opinion provided is strictly personal and never endorsed by ImmInst, nor should it be construed to be the official policy of ImmInst to provide health advice.
(b) You must seek professional medical advice prior to embarking on any course or treatment associated with any Content on the Site.
(c) You must determine what government regulations exist associated with the procurement and use of restricted substances such that they do not contravene any laws in your country.
(d) All Information on the ImmInst Forums, including those associated with health, sciences fora are provided as an area for the open exchange of anecdotal experience and information, not as a professional source of advice.

Section08 Advertising, promotions and commercial activity
(a) Organisations or individuals seeking to advertise on the Site must first apply to ImmInst for such approval.
(b) Advertising is any Content (including private messages) that draws attention to, solicits, endorses, offers for sale, links to, critiques or otherwise relates to goods or services where one of the parties involved in initiating such Content or one of their associates stands to benefit from financial transactions that may results from such Content.
(c) ImmInst seeks to limit surreptitious advertising where users who may have a financial stake in such matters contribute Content simply to increase product desirability or brand awareness. Such Content will be censored on the basis of suspicion alone. On occasion, 'innocent' Content may inadvertently be subjected to such censure. Users should be aware of this and are kindly asked to refrain from protest in these cases, as the common aim is to increase the quality of Content on the Site.
(d) Even if a promotion has been agreed by ImmInst, this does not imply, and no-one must imply that this constitutes an official endorsement by ImmInst of the promotion, the organisation and individual conducting the promotion or the
promoted products or procedures.
(e) Users must not use the Site for initiating or conducting commercial transactions, whether in private messages, or by using contact details displayed on the Site unless expressly authorised by ImmInst.

Section09 Posting Guidelines
(a) Users must agree to consider the posting guidelines as specified in Article
2. Adherence to these guidelines is monitored by ImmInst Moderators, Directors and other designated Officers.
(b) Violation of a guideline will incur a warning. Repeat violation on more than three separate occasions will result in a time-limited suspension of the user account ranging from eight days to eight years.
(c) Disputes regarding the enforcement of posting guidelines should be taken up, in the first instance, with the Moderator who has issued the warning. If no resolution can be found in dialogue, the dispute can be notified to the Lead Moderator. Warnings issued by the Lead Moderator can be disputed with the Secretary. Users who have an open dispute with a Moderator cannot be warned again by the same Moderator – but the Moderator in question may still report questionable posts by that user.
(d) ImmInst has reserved a forum for the expression of free speech known as the William O'Rights Memorial Forum. ImmInst will not restrict Content in this forum even if it violates the posting guidelines as long as such Content does not violate the other provisions in this Agreement. This is a forum where users can engage in 'flame wars', ensure that posts are not interfered with by a Moderator, or complain about ImmInst without threat of censure.

Section01 A-- General tone of conversations
(a) A.1-- Be polite. That does not mean that you cannot try to destroy another’s argument utterly but never lose your tone or your temper while doing so. Also under no circumstances should you employ personal judgments or remarks about people themselves rather than their arguments. Aside from the fact that such judgments are more often than not ill founded, they drag down the overall quality of the discussion as well as costing time and space.
(b) A.2-- Some words are generally considered offensive terms, in polite conversation such as "fuck, "shit", "faggot" or "nigger". Causing offence rarely if ever helps to elevate the quality of a discussion. Generally, use of such words will result in a warning or ban, but discretion may be exercised depending on the context.

Section02 B-- General writing style
(a) B.1-- Do not write excessive amounts of text. Be concise! No one has the time or the inclination to plough through a pile of superfluous rhetoric in order to discover your main points. If you really feel that you have to write an essay, then write a summary at the end as every considerate essay-writer would do.
(b) B.2-- While every caution is advised about over-using the forums design tools, please by all means DO use them, if this helps to make the text more accessible.

Section03 C-- Starting a new topic
(a) C.1-- Before starting a new topic please consider if the topic is informative, or will stimulate an interesting discourse.
(b) C.2-- Please check if the issue has been discussed before on the Site (It is not important to be a 100% sure about this – the ImmInst forums are quite large and old. But please make a quick search, especially if you have not been with the community for long. Sometimes, it may make sense to open a new topic anyway, but would be great if you could reference previous discussions.)
(c) C.3-- Please think about a good title. (This is very important. Please spend some time on considering the title. Titles like "A Question", "Hello" or "Life Extension" may lead to an otherwise interesting topic being deleted. Challenging titles may draw a lot of visitors will still incur a warning if they are not informative. Give full titles. "Vitamin E" is bad, "Vitamin E harmful?" is not as good as "Risk of Vitamin E supplements in Cancer".)
(d) C.4-- Is it a privileged topic? (ImmInst Members can create new topics over which they, as threadstarter have editorial control. This is to empower members who are willing to put in a bit of work to maximise the quality and values of a discussion thread. Other contributors must be alerted to the threadstarters intention in the first post, but cannot subsequently complain if their posts are edited.

Section04 D-- Replying to topics
(a) D.1-- Please ask yourself "Does my reply offer a significant contribution?"

(b) D.2-- It is critical that you try to keep follow-up posts on topic. Avoid going off on a different tangent. If it occurs to you that this might be another thread, open a new thread and put a link to it in the old one. The last word about relevance stays with the Moderators or the threadstarter.
(c) D.3-- As an extension of the previous point, do not derail a topic with fundamental critique even if you think that this would desirable. In particular do not question the necessity of a certain life-extension technique by referring to another method that seems more relevant to you. (Two examples: do not answer a question about the capacity of artificial intelligence to value human emotion correctly by stating that the ‘Singularity’ is a bunch of nonsense anyway; Do not intrude on an exchange about the bioavailability of resveratrol by stating that you don't care because you are signed up for cryonics)
(d) D.4-- Refrain from posting personal information unless it is inherently necessary to elaborate your views or position.
(e) D.5-- There is usually no benefit for people in reading that you agree unless you give an explanation to go with it.
(f) D.6-- You do not have to be an expert on the subject matter, but if you feel that you really don’t know enough about the subject, then ask informed questions before stepping into the ring for debate. If someone posts a link or uploads an article- read it before you go on. Also read the posts of your predecessors and be aware of related discussions elsewhere

Section05 E-- Posting images
(a) E.1-- You are welcome to post your own images and drawings when they are relevant to sharing knowledge. Irrelevant or excessive positing of images, including emoticons (smiles) often diminishes quality of the Content and will likely incur a warning.
(b) E.2-- Showing images to illustrate a point or make a humorous quip is popular with some posters, but please consider if such posts could derail a discussion or create issues around copyright infringement.
(c) E.3-- Please be considerate about causing embarrassment when sharing images. As a rule of thumb, if you would be uncomfortable viewing it at work, do not post it.
(d) E.4-- Avatars: ImmInst encourages users to use a small portrait (passport-type) photograph as 'Avatar' of themselves, but this is not a requirement. However, the use of other peoples photographs or the Imminst logo as Avatar is not allowed.

Section06 F-- Quotes and references
(a) F.1-- When replying to a previous post by quoting it, only quote precisely enough text as is necessary to understand your reply. Using the "reply" function in the forums will quote the entire post that you are replying to. Do not use this feature without due consideration.
(b) F.2-- If you quote, reference the quote properly, but only quote the important bits. (It is customary to put alterations to a quote in square brackets and indicate left-out bits by putting “...”) Do not quote whole articles, rather give a link or upload them. If you have to quote a substantial passage, then indicate the important passages that you want to draw attention too.
(c) F.3-- The use of references is strongly encouraged. Such references should contain enough information to find the relevant source with one or two mouse clicks. When using a link, please remember that the hypertext url may be specific to your own access and useless to others.

Fig. 1 Pathways influenced by metformin that explain its life extension properties. The blunt ending arrows indicate inhibition while the arrows indicate activation.

Fig. 2 Structural relationship between metformin and aminoguanidine. Both contain a guaninium-group (as is also found in the side chain of arginine).

Fig. 3 Metformin as an indirect CR mimetic. The blue dots represent different steps (protein cascade) in the ‘CR pathway’. Note that even though for simplicity the pathway is represented as a linear series of steps, in reality it will be a complex network that intersects with many other pathways. The double arrow between AMPK and ‘other signaling pathways’ illustrates that other signaling pathways can activate AMPK and thus influence the ‘CR pathway’ but that activation of AMPK, for example by metformin, can also activate other pathways that are independent of the ‘CR pathway’ (idem dito for the other double arrow) (see: ref. 4).

• (1) Hundal RS, Inzucchi SE. Metformin. New understandings, new uses. Drugs 2003;63:1879–1894.
  
• (2) Bailey CJ, Day C. Metformin: its botanical background. Practical Diabetes Int 2004;21(3):115-117.
  
• (3) Silvestre J, Carvalho S, Mendes V, Coelho L, Tapadinhas C, Ferreira P, Povoa P, Ceia F. Metformin-induced lactic acidosis: a case series. J Med Case Rep 2007;1:126.
  
• (4) Bulterijs S. Metformin as a geroprotector. Rejuvenation Res 2011;14(5):469-482.
  
• (5) http://www.longecity...tion-primer-r25
  
• (6) Spindler SR. Use of microarray biomarkers to identify longevity therapeutics. Aging Cell 2006;5:39–50.
  
• (7) Anisimov VN, Semenchenko AV, Yashin AI. Insulin and longevity: Antidiabetic biguanides as geroprotectors. Biogerontology 2003;4:297–307.
  
• (8) Anisimov VN. Metformin for aging and cancer prevention. Aging 2010;11:1–15.
  
• (9) Anisimov VN, Berstein LM, Egormin PA, Piskunova TS, Popovich IG, Zaberzhinski MA, Poroshina TE, Semenchenko AV, Provinciali M, Re F, Franceschi C. Effect of metformin on life span and on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice. Exp Gerontol 2005;40:685–693.
  
• (10) Anisimov VN, Egormin PA, Bershtein LM, Zabezhinskii MA, Piskunova TS, Popovich IG, Semenchenko AV. Metformin decelerates aging and development of mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2005;139:721–723.
  
• (11) Memmott RM, Mercado JR, Maier CR, Kawabata S, Fox SD, Dennis PA. Metformin prevents tobacco carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Prev Res 2010;3:1066-1076.
  
• (12) Libby G, Donnelly LA, Donnan PT, Alessi DR, Morris AD, Evans JMM. New users of metformin are at low risk of incident cancer: a cohort study among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32(9):1620-1625.
  
• (13) Currie CJ, Poole CD, Gale EAM. The influence of glucose-lowering therapies on cancer risk in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2009;52(9):1766-1777.
  
• (14) Lamanna C, Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Effect of metformin on cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metabol 2011;13(3):221-228.
  
• (15) Harrison DE, Strong R, Sharp ZD, Nelson JF, Astle CM, Flurkey K, Nadon NL, Wilkinson JE, Frenkel K, Carter CS, Pahor M, Javors MA, Fernandez E, Miller RA. Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Nature 2009;60:392–395.
  
• (16) Miller RA, Harrison DE, Astle CM, Baur JA, Boyd AR, de Cabo R, Fernandez E, Flurkey K, Javors MA, Nelson JF, Orihuela CJ, Pletcher S, Scharp ZD, Sinclair D, Starnes JW, Wilkinson JE, Nadon NL, Strong R. Rapamycin, but not resveratrol or simvastatin, extends life span of genetically heterogeneous mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011;66:191–201.
  
• (17) Coppé J-P, Desprez P-Y, Krtolica A, Campisi J. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: the dark side of tumor suppression. Ann Rev Pathol 2010;5:99-118.
  
• (18) Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 1956;11(3):298–300.
  
• (19) Lane N. A unifying view of ageing and disease: the double-agent theory. J Theor Biol 2003;225:531-540.
  
• (20) Stephenne X, Foretz M, Taleux N, van der Zon GC, Sokal E, Hue L, Viollet B, Guigas B. Metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase in primary human hepatocytes by decreasing cellular energy status. Diabetologia 2011;54(12):3101-3110.
  
• (21) Larsen S, Rabøl R, Hansen CN, Madsbad S, Helge JW, Dela F. Metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial complex I respiration. Diabetologia 2011; [Epub ahead of print].
  
• (22) Saleter S, Greyber E, Pasternak G, Salpeter E. Risk of fatal and non-fatal lactic acidosis with metformin in type 2 diabetes. Archives Int Med 2003;163:2294-2602.
  
• (23) Roche C, Nau A, Peytel E, Moalic JL, Oliver M. Acidose lactique schevere par intoxication accidentele à la metformine: à propos de 3 observations. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2011;69(6):705-711.
  
• (24) Misbin RI, Green L, Stadel BV, Gueriguian JL, Gubbi A, Fleming GA. Lactic acidosis in patients with diabetes treated with metformin. New Engl J Med 1998;338:265-266.
  
• (25) http://www.longecity.../crosslinks-r20
  
• (26) Ishibashi Y, Matsui T, Takeuchi M, Yamagishi SI. Beneficial effects of metformin and irbesartan on advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-RAGE-induced proximal tubular cell injury. Pharmacol Res 2011;[Epub ahead of print].
  
• (27) Flurkey K, Papaconstantinou J, Harrison DE. The Snell dwarf mutationPit1^dw can increase life span in mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2002;123(2-3):121-130.
  
• (28) Brown-Borg HM, Borg KE, Meliska CJ, Bartke A. Dwarf mice and the ageing process. Nature 1996;384:33.
  
• (29) Barbieri M, Bonafè M, Franceschi C, Paolisso G. Insulin/IGF-1-signaling pathway: an evolutionary concerved mechanism of longevity from yeast to humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003;285(5):E1064-1071.
  
• (30) Halicka HD, Zhao H, Li J, Traganos F, Zhang S, Lee M, Darzynkiewicz Z. Genome protective effect of metformin as revealed by reduced level of constitutive DNA damage signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2011;3(10):1028-1038.
  
• (31) de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, Wulffelé MG, van der Kolk J, Bets D, Verburg J, Donker AJM, Stehouwer CDA. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B12 deficiency: randomized placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2010;3401:c2181.
  
• (32) Bauman WA, Shaw S, Jayatilleke E, Spungen AM, Herbert V. Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1227-1231.
  

via paypal <script type="text/javascript"> function validateAmount(amount){ if(amount.value.match( /^[0-9]+(\.([0-9]+))?$/)){ return true; }else{ alert('You must enter a valid donation.'); amount.focus(); return false; } } </script>

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	Back to Fundraisers Home

• General Donation (recommended) - Not sure which fundraiser to choose? Then this general donation option is the one for you. We use this fund for the next most pressing project from any across the board.



• Membership Donation/Join - Includes *Lifetime*, Yearly, or Monthly. Choose a membership donation and reap a host of rewards.




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Dedicated Research Fundraisers:




• General Dedicated Research and Development Fundraiser - Provides funds for things like lab equipment, resources, grants, and getting research initiatives up and running.
  
  
• Recently finished :Microglial Stem Cell Therapy Research Fundraiser. Donate Here COMPLETE Thank You!
  


Dedicated Marketing Fundraisers:




• General Dedicated Marketing Fundraiser - Provides funds for grass roots marketing, and as we grow this fund will help to hire more and more professionals like publicists, billboard companies, etc…
  
  
• Art Team Fundraiser - Find out more details about the Art Team and donate here.
  
  
• Vip Outreach Team Fundraiser(VIPO) Fundraiser - Help us purchase items such as books that we send out in our work to attract more VIPs to the cause. VIPs lend us added legitimacy that helps the cause excel.
  
  

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  Donate or invest with affiliates that are working with unlimited lifespans:
  
  * Methuselah Mouse Prize and NewOrgan Prize - drive competition in creating longer lived mice and new organs by donating here
  
  * Methuselah Foundation 300 - give 1,000 per year for 25 years to be in this elite club
  * SENS Foundation Facebook 1,000 for $100 - Everybody donates $100 once 1000 people agree to do so.
  * CEL - Coalition to Extend Life - government lobby work
  * CAR - Campaign for Aging Research - conservative meme
  * MaxLife - Maximum Life Foundation - life sciences investments]]> Sun, 06 Nov 2011 19:46:32 +0000 c8ffe9a587b126f152ed3d89a146b445 http://www.longecity.org/forum/page/index.html/_/science/projects/foldinghome-team-r23 Use your computer's spare processing power to help cure disease!
  
  ********************************************************************
  
  

  The Longevity Meme has teamed up with Longecity to contribute to the Stanford Folding@Home distributing computing project – aimed at curing disease through understanding the basics of protein folding.

  
  
  

  Getting Started

  
  
  
  
  
  1. Go to the Stanford Folding@home website and download the folding client to your computer (or PS3), link: http://folding.stanford.edu/English/Download
  
  
  
  2. Enter the number 32461 (Longevity Meme team number) in the “team number” box when installing the Folding@home client.
  
  
  
  3. Register as a “Registered User” or “Member” at Longecity and affirm your participation by making an initial post in this thread: http://www.longecity...r-the-fh-prize/.
  
  
  
  
  

  For help installing the F@H client on your computer, please see this topic: http://www.longecity...-to-install-fh/

  ]]> Sun, 06 Nov 2011 19:36:10 +0000 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 http://www.longecity.org/forum/page/index.html/_/articles/longecity/Stewards
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

  Directors / Managers
  Sven Bulterijs, Director
  Eric Schulke Director, Teams Coordinator
  Sebastian Caliban Sethe President/Chair, Lead Editor
  Jeremy Shepard Director, Treasurer
  Shannon Vyff, Director, LeadModerator
  Justin Loew Membership Secretary
  Kiran Prakash Lead Engineer
  Guardians
  Bruce Klein	Kevin Perrott
  Justin Rebo	Reason
  John Schloendorn	Kenneth X. Sills
  Advisors
  Ben Best Advisor: Cryonics
  Susan Fonseca-Klein Advisor: Law
  Harvey Newstrom Advisor: Security
  Michael Rae Advisor: Supplements
  Brian Wowk, Advisor: Cryonics
  Aubrey de Grey Advisor: Bioscience
  Michael Anissimov Advisor: AI & Singularity
  Featured Volunteers
  Shawn Bald Moderator: Health
  Victor Bjoerk Moderator: Editors
  Joseph Henry Moderator: AI & Singularity
  Timothy Hughes Moderator: Longecity
  Richard Kaufman Moderator: Resveratrol
  Matthew Lake Moderator: Longecity
  Matthias Arwe Moderator: Nanotechnology
  Ilia Stambler Moderator: Regions
  Angelique Velthuysen Moderator: Art Team
  Lee Robinson Petzer Editor
  Others
  Bart; Moderator: LongeCity Chrono; Editor; Moderator: Nootropics Edouart; Engineer; Editor George; Moderator: Supplements Droplet; Star Volunteer LS; Moderator: Dental Health

  
  
  

  LongeCity is a membership based organisation. We are guided by our Constitution(Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws) which is drafted in line with relevant stipulations of the Code of Alabama and US law.
  
  We are governed by a Board of Directors, that is elected by the Membership.All decision making power rests with the Board in the last instance. In the past,Directors terms were time-limited, but now elections are held when the need arises. Members with a track record who are considering to run for Director should read this post.
  
  Many former Directors still remain as 'Guardians' offering advice and the benefit of their experience. The Guardians take no active role in day-to-day affairs, but they can step in at certain specified points, when they feel that things are going awry or that the Board risk loosing sight of our mission.
  
  The most important executive functions rest with our 'LeadOfficers'. At this time, Directors also assume Lead Officer positions, because the Constitution mandates that those roles need to be filled by someone. However, this can be anyone with a proven track record (because those roles carry great responsibility) and there is an open invitation for volunteers to step forward and apply!
  
  Volunteers are the lifeblood and foundation of everything LongeCity does.Volunteers could be short term, helping out on a specific task or project, or long term, assisting with a specific role.
  
  Some of these roles include:
  

• Moderators who look after forum interactions,
  
• Engineers who look after the software
  
• Editors who look after content
  
  
  There are many other opportunities to become involved. If you are interested,contact the Teams Coordinatoror send an email to support@imminst.org to find out more.
  
  Incentives for volunteering?

  The good feeling of making a valued contribution to our shared cause. Regular volunteers get integrated into leadership decision making processes. All volunteers also get 'Thank You' points that they can collect and redeem for small prizes (gift vouchers or free membership).

  
  ]]> Sat, 08 Oct 2011 14:46:08 +0000 4c56ff4ce4aaf9573aa5dff913df997a http://www.longecity.org/forum/page/index.html/_/science/templates/crosslinks-r20 Johan Sjöberg
  
  
  
  The diseases and complications of aging are infamous –cardiovascular disease, cataracts, Alzheimer's disease, amyloidosis, cancer, and so on. Their effects are often debilitating, and one of them will always end up causing your death in the end. Until relatively recently, though, not much was known about exactly why these things happen. Only since the advent of modern biochemistry and biomedicine have we been able to start exploring the aging process in all its intricate details. However, the world of cellular aging turns out to be far more complex than we initially thought.
  
  
  Aging is, at its most fundamental level, based on genes and proteins. For example, cells have a finite capacity to divide, and this is thought to be controlled by the length of the ends of our DNA, called telomeres. They act as protective caps, preventing degradation of genes that are important to maintain cellular function. With each cell division, the telomeres are shortened, and when they reach a certain length, the cell normally doesn't divide any further. This may cause various tissues of the body to start to degenerate or diminish, since there are not enough cells produced to maintain them. Alternatively, mutations may occur that allow the cell to continue dividing uncontrollably, inevitably leading to cancer. Further examples are that the proteins and components of the cell cannot break down certain cellular waste-products, causing them to accumulate and potentially become damaging to the body, or that the proteins themselves are modified so that they lose their function or stick together.
  
  
  Alternatively, errors in cellular metabolism may cause reactions in
  undesired ways, such as oxygen reacting with and damaging various
  cellular components, or glucose linking together proteins in
  deleterious ways. There are many other such examples that I won't list here, but they are all associated with the diseases of aging in some way. For example, Alzheimer's disease is caused by the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain, and the undesired linking of proteins that are found in the walls of blood vessels may make them less elastic, leading to higher blood pressure and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  
  In order to do something about aging and its associated diseases, then, one might intuitively want to start at the level of genes and proteins. If one can protect the genes or the proteins they encode from damage, enhance their function in some way to make them more efficient, or introduce new genes to deal with problems that can't be dealt with naturally, one might prevent the complications of aging from even occurring in the first place. However, the genetics of aging and cellular metabolism is extremely complex, and multiple genes and proteins are often dependent on each other. If one gene is modified, this may affect many others, leading to unforeseen and potentially undesirable consequences. On the other end of the spectrum of interventions in aging is geriatric medicine, which focuses on treating the symptoms of the diseases of aging. Unfortunately, the damage has
  already been done by then, and trying to completely reverse diseases of aging which have already reached a pronounced stage has so far not proven to be successful. However, there might be a third way, a middle ground of sorts – attempting to prevent or remove the accumulated waste-products and the results of errors in metabolism, before their levels become high enough to cause diseases. This is the main pathway proposed by Dr. Aubrey de Grey and the SENS Foundation, a non-profit organisation that is aimed at the development of rejuvenation technologies that address the complications of aging. One example of such accumulation is the linking of proteins, or cross-linking, that I mentioned earlier, and that we will now explore in more detail.
  
  
  Cross-linking is the result of a substance, most often some kind of
  sugar, reacting with two or more protein molecules and linking them
  together. The effects of cross-linking is perhaps most significantly seen in collagen, which is the most common protein in the human body.
  
  Collagen is a major component of bone, tendons, blood vessel walls and skin, among other things, where it adds strength, support and
  elasticity by being an important part of the supportive structure,
  called the extracellular matrix, that surrounds our cells on the
  outside. In many ways, the matrix is similar to rubber, being both
  strong and flexible at the same time. However, also like rubber, the matrix loses its strength and flexibility with age, and this is where cross-linking comes into play.
  
  
  Collagen is made of long threads or fibers, and these move in relation to each other when the collagen is stretched, like for instance when you pinch your skin, or when a blood vessel is widened as blood is pumped through it. When the collagen fibers are linked together by cross-links, the fibers cannot move as much as before, and the collagen becomes more rigid. Besides collagen, there are several other important proteins in the matrix, and they too have their specific roles – for example, there are special proteins that tie the collagen fibers to the outsides of the cells that the matrix supports.
  That's not to say that there should be no cross-linking at all, though; on the contrary, a certain amount of cross-links in the matrix are created in a controlled way by the body to keep it together. This is a vital process for normal body function. However, it is the excess cross-linking that occurs uncontrollably, at random places on proteins in the matrix, that is responsible for the age-related damage that is associated with cross-linking [1].
  
  
  
  As I mentioned earlier, the substance that causes the cross-linking is often some kind of sugar, such as glucose or fructose. Since almost all of the sugar in the body exists in the blood stream, the collagen in blood vessel walls, skin, and other tissues that are exposed to a steady stream of blood has the highest rate of uncontrolled cross-linking. The cross-linking process occurs very slowly and in several steps, the most critical of which is the formation of a substance called an advanced glycation endproduct
  ("AGE" for short – great abbreviation, right?). There are many different kinds of AGEs, which may react to form cross-links more or less easily. However, once the AGE is formed and linked to a protein, the body cannot cleave it off, and has to replace the protein itself in order to get rid of the AGE. In long-lived proteins such as collagen, which has a life-span of many years, that gives the AGE more than enough time to react with a second collagen fiber and form a cross-link between the two. In collagen, the most common cross-link is called glucosepane [2-3] and is formed from glucose, or blood sugar, but there are several others as well. AGEs can form both inside and outside of the cells. On the inside, they modify the cells' proteins, which makes them less able to do their job, and this disrupts the cells' metabolic processes. On the outside, it makes the ECM less flexible.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Since glucose is occasionally able to react with proteins and form
  cross-links in this way, hyperglycemia and diabetes lead to more
  cross-linking than in people with normal blood glucose levels. In one study, researchers found that the levels of the most common collagen cross-link, glucosepane, was more than twice as high in diabetics compared to healthy people. This cross-linking may be responsible for some of the complications sometimes seen with diabetes, as well as with normal aging. One example is in the kidneys, where a part of the kidney called the glomerular basement membrane is crucial for proper function, since it is the part that performs the actual filtration of small substances from the blood. The membrane contains a lot of collagen, and excess cross-linking causes this collagen to clump together and act less like a web, thereby making the pores in the membrane larger and allowing more and larger molecules, including whole proteins, to escape from the bloodstream, thus greatly impairing its function as a tight filter. Diabetics run a much higher risk of kidney failure, partly because of excess collagen cross-linking, since higher glucose levels allow for more cross-links to form [2].
  
  
  
  
  Another example of the effects of excess cross-linking can be found in the lens of the eye. The lens is made up of proteins called
  crystallins, which provide the lens with rigidity and flexibility while still allowing it to remain transparent. However, like many other proteins, these crystallins can also be cross-linked, and this causes them to clump together in much the same way as the collagen in the kidney. The effect of this is that the lens may become more cloudy, impairing vision and possibly leading to the formation of cataracts [4]. A third example is the collagen in the walls of blood vessels,which may have an increased amount of cross-linking with aging. This makes the blood vessel walls stiffer and therefore less able to expand when blood is pumped through the vessel, leading to higher blood pressure [5]. Again, diabetes increases the risk for both these things.
  
  
  
  
  You may recall my mentioning that controlled cross-linking is vital for proper functioning of the extracellular matrix. There are a few ways for the body to make these cross-links, and they all involve special enzymes (proteins) that are very efficient in forming them, as well as other enzymes that are able to break the cross-links. However, even these cross-links have the potential of causing problems if they become too numerous. If the production of the enzyme that makes the cross-links increases beyond normal levels, or if the activity of each enzyme molecule is increased, more cross-links will be created than are normally present. This over-abundance of cross-links may contribute to the same problems as the cross-links that are created randomly by, for example, glucose [6].
  
  The formation of AGEs is not confined to the body itself; AGEs can also form outside of the body, in the process of cooking and heating food, by cooking sugars and proteins together. For example, the characteristic browning of grilled meat or baked bread is an indication that AGEs have been formed. (The first steps of this reaction was discovered in 1912 by Louis-Camille Maillard, and is therefore named the Maillard reaction.) The reaction is enhanced by high temperatures, low moisture, and long cooking times, making boiling one of the cooking methods generating the least amount of AGEs, and frying one of the methods generating the most AGEs. Adding sugar to heated food also facilitates AGE formation, since there will be more molecules around that can form cross-links between proteins in the food items. Various meats typically have more AGEs in them than other kinds of foods, too, especially when they are fried or barbecued.
  (In fact, according to one study [7], a typical fast-food hamburger contains as much AGEs as about 25 kg of canned corn, or 100 liters of whole milk!) The AGEs that are created in cooked food can be absorbed by the body, and once they have been absorbed, they can bind to certain receptors called RAGE (Receptor for AGE), and this may contribute to some chronic kidney diseases [8], as well as chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis [9]. Presumably, these AGEs may also be able to contribute to protein cross-linking in the same way as AGEs that are created within the body. Thus, there are two different ways that AGEs can contribute to age-related complications –cross-linking and inflammation.
  
  
  
  
  But despite the complexity of AGEs and cross-linking, there is hope on the horizon. Developing drugs that can break cross-links may be possible with current technology, and research is already ongoing or planned at various locations, including a possible project (which I hope to be a part of) funded by the SENS Foundation at Cambridge University, aimed at finding a way to break the most common collagen cross-link, glucosepane. Another way to reduce excess cross-linking with aging is to prevent cross-link formation, and in that area, there has been more success. Several compounds that may prevent excess cross-link formation to some degree are available as dietary supplements; two examples are carnosine [10] and benfotiamine [11]. In addition, there are a number of things you can do yourself to reduce the amount of excess cross-linking in your own body; keeping blood sugar levels under control by avoiding too much sugars and simple carbohydrates is one thing, and reducing the consumption of grilled meat could be another.
  
  
  
  
  So, in conclusion, science is advancing to deal with the problems of excess cross-linking, although we're not quite there yet. And
  cross-linking is only a small part of the aging process. However, there is good progress in other areas of aging research as well. Meanwhile, if you take good care of your health, you will increase your chances of living to see the day when definitive treatments for the diseases of aging are finally available, allowing you to live a much longer life in good health. And, to be honest, who doesn't want that?
  
  
  
  
  
  References for further reading
  
  
  
  
• 1. Brownlee M. Advanced protein glycosylation in diabetes and aging. Annu Rev Med. 1995 Feb; 46: 223-34.
  
• 2. Sell DR, Biemel KM, Reihl O, Lederer MO, Strauch CM, Monnier VM. Glucosepane is a major protein cross-link of the senescent human
  extracellular matrix. Relationship with diabetes. J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 1; 280 (13). 12310-5.
  
• 3. Sjöberg JS, Bulterijs S. Characteristics, formation, and
  pathophysiology of glucosepane: a major protein cross-link.
  Rejuvenation Res. 2009 Apr; 12 (2): 137-48.
  
• 4. Shamsi FA, Lin K, Sady C, Nagaraj RH. Methylglyoxal-derived
  modifications in lens aging and cataract formation. Invets Ophthalmol
  Vis Sci. 1998 Nov; 39 (12): 2355-64.
  
• 5. Vasdev S, Gill V, Singal P. Role of advanced glycation end products in hypertension and atherosclerosis: therapeutic implications. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2007: 49 (1): 48-63.
  
• 6. Santhanam L, Tuday EC, Webb AK, Dowzicky P, Kim JH, Oh YJ, Sikka G, Kuo M, Halushka MK, Macgregor AM, Dunn J, Gutbrod S, Yin D, Shoukas A, Nyhan D, Flavahan NA, Belkin AM, Berkowitz DE. Decreased
  S-nitrosylation of tissue transglutaminase contributes to age-related
  increases in vascular stiffness. Circ Res. 2010 Jul 9; 107 (1): 117-25.
  
• 7. Goldberg T, Cai W, Peppa M, Dardaine V, Baliga BS, Uribarri J,Vlassara H. Advanced glycoxidation end products in commonly consumed foods. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Aug; 104 (8): 1287-91.
  
• 8. Tomino Y, Hagiwara S, Gohda T. AGE-RAGE interaction and oxidative stress in obesity-related renal dysfunction. Kidney Int. 2001 Jul; 80 2): 133-5.
  
• 9. Jandeleit-Dahm K, Watson A, Soro-Paavonen A. The AGE/RAGE axis in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2008 Mar; 35 (3): 329-34.
  
• 10. Stracke H, Hammes HP, Werkmann D, Mavrakis K, Bitsch I, Netzel M, Geyer J, Köpcke W, Sauerland C, Bretzel RG, Federlin KF.
  Efficacy of benfotiamine versus thiamine on function and glycation
  products of peripheral nerves in diabetic rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol
  Diabetes. 2001; 109 (6): 330-6.
  
• 11. Sourris KC, Forbes JM, Cooper ME. Therapeutic interruption of advanced glycation in diabetic nephropathy: do all roads lead to Rome? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Apr; 1126: 101-6.]]> Sat, 08 Oct 2011 14:11:32 +0000 da4fb5c6e93e74d3df8527599fa62642 http://www.longecity.org/forum/page/index.html/_/articles/longecity/longecity-science-initiatives-autumn-2011-review-r19 our own book and scientific conferences, there was support which we gave to scientific initiatives, such as the M-Prize and there was also the community-designed supplement VIMMORTAL an area which we are currently considering to revisit... but in terms of hands-on science, LongeCity now looks back at three specific projects:
  
  The first one was ‘Laser Ablation of Lipofuscin’ – this project emerged after a presentation by Nason Schooler where he showed that, exposed to a certain wavelength of laser light, young worms remained unaffected whereas old worms died. This was considered to be due to lipofuscin – a buildup of age-associated debris in the old worms. What if such lipofuscin deposits could be broken down by the application of laser light, leaving the surrounding tissue unaffected? It sounded like a real longshot but Nason was keen to pursue it, he just needed some funding to do it. Nason was quizzed by LongeCity members and he held up well in the face of some probing questions. Most importantly, the trailblazing Dr. Aubrey de Grey and the SENS programme endorsed Nasons research, recommended him for funding and agreed to host him, his worms and lasers in their own laboratories in the US. Also, the project seemed a good fit: it was quirky enough that it would struggle to get funding from other sources, it was high-risk pot also potentially high impact perhaps opening the door to an entire new field of anti-aging science.
  
  Based on this, we conducted some internal discussions including strategic ones and eventually agreed in a Full Members Referendum to commence a fundraiser – LongeCity’s (them still trading as the
  Immortality Institute) first ever fundraiser purely dedicated to practical science. We committed $8000 from institute funds, but only if that amount would be matched by donations. The fundraiser was a great success quickly raising and even exceeding the target amount. With our backing, Nason commend work in the SENS labs – and then a couple of difficulties arose. First the labs moved, and Nason moved also, but soon needed to relocate again for personal reasons. What to do? We had transferred the funds raised to SENS. To be sure that was a good place to leave them considering the good work this organisation aims to do. However, our members had donated not to support SENS but expressly to support the Laser ablation research project. So we negotiated to get some of the remaining funds back from SENS (who were very supportive) but then agonised over how to proceed: should we just let Nason conduct the research in his garage? Many an internet business was started this way, but we still felt we needed some scientific oversight. Members can trace some of our discussions here, suffice it to say that after many attempts we could not get the oversight regime that we wished, but there was pressure of course to continue the research. We agreed to some research going ahead at Nasons home, even visited to see his setup and conduct and interview. In short, we did what we could and yet, based on recent developments it turned out that maybe we should have been more reluctant. What remains to be salvaged from this project remains to be seen.
  
  The next project launched a year later, was more stringently planned: there was a call for applications, and we organised some peer review. Two projects emerged tat we really liked and we decided to fund both, in turn. The first one was again based on worms: it looked at the cellular ‘powerplants’ – the mitochondria that play a key role in aging and sought to investigate if if chemical uncoupling by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) can reduce damage to mitochondria and their specific DNA and if this would lead to extended lifespan in worms.
  Again, we managed to raise the money relatively swiftly, based on some very generous donations. Jan kept the community informed throughout. Regrettably, after funding the project, the community seemed to take little interest. To be honest, when first launching the project Jan and LongeCity leadership were a bit worried that given LongeCity’s large and vibrant supplement discussion forums, some people might jump to very unsafe conclusions and ingest the mitochondrial uncouplers under investigation as a supplement. However, rather than there being too much enthusiasm, there wasn’t a lot of engagement. Jan and his team pursued the research, in this case according to best scientific practice as expected, this month,Dr. Gruber will discuss the results with Mind in our podcast- If you are interested, you are invited to post a question!
  
  But how many people maintained an active interest? Its difficult to say (let us know!) but we were getting a bit worried – were LongeCity members not quite ready to really engage with our own community science projects?
  
  It was hard to dismiss that impression during the months to follow when we tried to raise funds for LongeCity's most ambitious science project yet. This was not on worms, it involved mice. In scientific terms (and as far as costs are concerned) that is a huge leap to make things more relevant. The project also wasn’t very complicated: it used stem cell therapies – something everyone has heard of and many LongeCity members are excited about. It targeted a hugely important area – the brain – and involved not the garage of a lay person but one of Germany’s most prestigious scientific institutions and a researcher with an established track record in anti-ageing research. Yet over the weeks and months to follow, fundraising was slow. Donations were trickling in, but not quite with the speed that were had seen before. Was this the recession beginning to bite? Was the project just too big? Was the community ‘tapped out’ after the recent fundraiser? Were we not managing to promote the project effectively enough? There were rough patches, but donations kept coming in and that gave us hope. We could not let those contributors down. An then the breakthrough – venture investor had somehow learned about the research and saw its potential. We waited until we felt confident that this separate arrangement would make up the (bye now not very large) shortfall in LongeCity funding. The project is now merrily underway and you see updates on the project and you can ask questions to the researchers here.
  
  With that major success achieved should we now stop the science programme and reconsider? We might have done that, but then, this Summer, Cryonics Pioneer Robert Ettinger was placed into biostasis. What better way to pay homage to his achievements than not to dwell in length accolades but to ‘get on with it’ and do some research. Again, cryonics science is a great field for LongeCity to get involved it: it is niche enough that mainstream funding is hard to obtain, yet the potential impacts even based on a small research budget are quite significant. So last month we closed the call for expressions of interest on our first cryopreservation research fundraiser, the proposals have been circulated for peer review and the board will draw up a shortlist. As usual, our members will have the final say on funding in a referendum (so join now if you want to have a say), and as usual, the project will only get funded if it received enough matching donations.
  
  Let us see how we fare with this project, but whatever the outcome, we are unlikely to give up on the underlying principle: that LongeCity has a role, however small, to not ‘just’ engage in communication, networking and outreach, but also to make a tangible contribution to hands-on scientific development. This is one of the reasons we change the ‘public facing’ name of the Immortality Institute – to make it easier for serious scientists to engage with us. And to this end, we have launched the LongeCity Science initiative, where aim to improve our scientific communication.
  As an example, this month we have published the first of a number of ‘gentle introductions’ on scientific topics -- an article by Johan Sjöberg on crosslinking in aging) and we seek to involve every LongeCity Member and Affiliate with a science background. In fact, we have just issued a new call for Lead officers at the Immortality Institute (Members only) to expressly include a Science Officer. So why not join in, at whatever level you like, share your perspective and skills in pursuit of that ambitious mission: "to conquer the blight of involuntary death".]]> Sat, 08 Oct 2011 12:35:04 +0000 07e1cd7dca89a1678042477183b7ac3f http://www.longecity.org/forum/page/index.html/_/articles/longecity/bylaws-r18 Bylaw A. User Agreement (Posting Guidelines)
  
  
  Bylaw B. Membership
  Article 1 Membership
  Article 2 Membership Donations
  Article 3 Denial and revocation of membership
  
  Bylaw C. Leadership
  Article 1 All Leadership
  Article 2 Directors
  Article 3 Lead Officers
  Article 4 Officers
  Article 5 Guardians
  Article 6 Teams
  Bylaw D. Decisions & Votes
  Article 1 Officers Decision
  Article 2 Proposing a motion
  Article 3 Meetings
  Article 4 Voting Rights
  Article 5 Chairs Privilege
  Article 6 Tally
  Article 7 Amendments
  Bylaw E. Finances
  Article 1 Sustainability & Non-profit status
  Article 2 Expenses
  Article 3 Budgets and reporting
  Article 4 Dedicated Funds
  Article 5 Compensation
  Article 6 Transparency
  
  
  

  ---

  
  
  Bylaw B. Membership
  
  Article 1 Membership
  Section01 Only one membership may be held by any single private individual.
  Section02 Membership is granted at the discretion of a designated Officer acting on behalf of the Board.
  Article 2 Membership Donations
  Section01 Donations marked 'membership' are considered membership applications.
  Section02 Membership donations of or exceeding $5 USD in a single transaction will grant the donating private individual membership status for 30 days from the completion of the transaction.
  Section03 Membership donations of or exceeding $50 USD in a single transaction will grant the donating private individual membership status for a year from the completion of the transaction.
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  Section05 Membership donations of or exceeding $500 USD in a single transaction will grant the donating private individual Membership for life.
  Section06 Membership donations are non-refundable under any circumstances.
  
  Article 3 Denial and revocation of membership
  Section01 All members can cancel their membership by giving written notice to the Secretary.
  Section02 The Secretary can deny any membership application if that persons membership
  (a) would bring the Institute into disrepute,
  (b) cannot be expected to contribute positively to the achievement of the Institutes’ mission.
  (c) is not supported by a membership donation
  Section03 The Secretary can cancel or revoke any membership if
  (a) authorised by a vote of a majority of sitting Directors or
  (b) if a person’s membership status is no longer supported by a membership donation
  Section04 Decisions by the Secretary can be appealed to the Management Committee and subsequently the Board in accordance with normal procedures.
  Section05 Individuals whose membership status has been revoked or denied will not have membership status while the appeal is pending, but must be permitted one appeal hearing by the Board which shall be conducted within 14 days of revocation or denial.
  
  Bylaw C. Leadership
  Article 1 All Leadership
  Section01 ImmInst Leadership consists of
  (a) Directors,
  (b) Officers, and Lead Officers
  (c) Guardians
  Section02 Personal Details
  (a) All Leaders must identify themselves by name and current address upon request from an ImmInst Lead Officer or the Board,
  (b) All Leaders must consent to such detail being held on file by ImmInst for a period not less than ten years.
  
  Section03 Pledge
  All Leaders must sign, agree to, and abide by the following pledge:
  
  (a) I agree to abide by the principles and rules set out in the ImmInst Constitution
  (b) I understand that ImmInst is represented only by nominated Officers and Directors.
  (c) I understand that I am offering assistance to ImmInst only to the degree that I am comfortable with. I will not engage in activities that I do not have the desire, time or technical expertise to pursue.
  (d) I will notify ImmInst when I plan to cease participation for a period of more than 30 days.
  (e) I understand that I may be trusted with sensitive data, dissemination or mishandling of which could cause harm to ImmInst, its members, its affiliates or others. This data may include, but it not limited to:
  
  -1) personal identifiable information, including data such as names, dates of birth, addresses, contact detail and
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  -5) and any other information which can reasonably be considered sensitive, personal, confidential or otherwise privileged.
  
  (f) I promise not to communicate, view, store, transfer, alter, delete, copy, convert, disseminate or otherwise engage with such sensitive information unless it is absolutely required.
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  (h) I will not either directly or indirectly, receive or accept for my own benefit or the benefit of any person or entity other than ImmInst any gratuity, emolument, or payment of any kind from any person or entity other than ImmInst in relation to my activities for ImmInst
  (i) I understand that ImmInst will not lay claim to any intellectual property which I develop hereunder. I will grant ImmInst a free, nonexclusive, non-transferable license to any intellectual property which I develop hereunder.
  (j) I understand that either myself or ImmInst can terminate this agreement at any time in writing.
  (k) I promise that at the time this agreement terminates, I will deliver to ImmInst any and all documents or any other copies of information or material connected with his agreement and I will destroy or delete any copies of such material at the request of ImmInst.
  
  Section04 Inactivity
  (a) All members of leadership shall be considered active unless they have declared themselves on leave for a specified time not exceeding 30 days.
  (b) Notification of inactivity
  
  1) If the activity of a member of leadership is in doubt, the President or any Director may write to that Leader using the last recorded email address for that Leader with a formal Request for Confirmation of Activity (RCA).
  2) An RCA shall be made known to all Members on the same day it is send out.
  3) No more than one RCA may be issued to the same Leader within a period of 40 days.
  4) If a member of Leadership does not confirm activity by making a formal reply by email within 14 days of a RCA being send out to that Leader, that Leaders status shall be recorded as inactive.
  
  (c) An inactive Leaders status can be restored to active by the Board.
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  Section05 Multiple Offices
  Any two or more Leadership positions may be held by the same person, except
  (a) The President and the Secretary may not be the same person
  
  Article 2 Directors
  
  Section01 Election
  (a) Directors are elected by referendum according to the special conditions set out in the Constitution.
  Section02 Duties
  (a) The Board of Directors shall be a committee to conduct all affairs of ImmInst not otherwise specifically provided for in the Constitution.
  (b) Directors are expected to vote (or vote abstain) on every motion before the Board.
  (c) Directors shall elect a chairperson (the Chair) amongst themselves.
  (d) Directors are expected to attend, inter alia to the following matters:
  
  1) Appointing Officers and Lead Officers
  2) Fulfil the duties of Lead Officers where no Lead Officer has been appointed.
  3) Reviewing reports from all Lead Officers
  4) The drafting, agreement and monitoring of a Budget
  5) Reviewing appeals by Members and other individuals as described in this Constitution
  6) Represent ImmInst in an official capacity including to regulatory and law enforcement authorities, media, contractors and other partners and the public
  
  
  Article 3 Lead Officers
  
  Section01 Lead officers roles
  (a) Imminst recognizes the following Lead Officers:
  
  1) the President shall act as the chief executive officer
  2) the Secretary shall lead on membership matters
  3) the Treasurer shall manage financial affairs
  4) the Team Coordinator oversee the Team Leaders
  5) the Lead Editor shall serve as an Editor and oversee the Editors
  6) the Lead Moderator shall serve as a Moderator and shall oversee the Moderators
  7) the Lead Engineer shall serve as a Engineer and oversee the Engineers
  
  (b) where a Lead Officer has not been appointed, the Board shall designate one of their number to act in stead of a Lead Officer until such time that a Lead Officer has been appointed and agreed to commence performance of that role.
  An up-to date register shall be kept at all times detailing which Director acts in stead of a Lead Officer.
  (c) All Lead officers shall submit a report of their activities to the Board on a regular basis as agreed with the Chairman, but at least once every 6 months.
  
  Section02 Appointment
  (a) Lead Officers are elected by Referendum according to the special conditions set out in this section.
  (b) To initiate the appointment procedure, the board shall approve a single draft agreement in a Board vote and issue a call for applications to all Members or more widely.
  (c) The call for applications shall remain open for no less than 21 days.
  (d) Only individuals who have been Members for more than 8 months may stand as candidate for election to Lead Officer.
  (e) At the close of the call, the board shall review all applications and agree on a shortlist within 14 days. If more than one candidate has applied, the shortlist shall comprise not fewer than 2 candidates.
  (f) After establishing a shortlist, the Board shall initiate a Referendum in which the candidate is appointed.
  Section03 President
  (a) The President, except where otherwise directed by the Board, is the chief executive officer of ImmInst.
  (b) The Board of Directors may authorize the President to sign contracts on behalf of and binding ImmInst, and may at any time, withdraw or terminate such authorization once given.
  Section04 Treasurer
  (a) The Treasurer shall have the care and custody of all the funds and securities of ImmInst shall deposit the same in the name of ImmInst in such bank or trust as the Board may select.
  (b) The Treasurer shall sign all cheques, drafts, notes and orders for the payment of money and shall pay out and dispose of the same when, as, and if authorized to do so by the Board
  (c) The Treasurer shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements.
  (d) The Treasurer shall render to the President and Directors whenever they may require a current account of all financial transactions and of the financial condition of ImmInst.
  Section05 Secretary
  (a) The Secretary shall have the care and custody of membership records.
  (b) The Secretary shall determine membership matters.
  (c) The Secretary shall keep a current record of all members and guardians
  (d) The Secretary shall maintain records of membership activity in various Imminst initiatives as required by the Board or other Lead Officer
  Section06 Management Committee
  (a) The Lead Officers collectively constitute the Management Committee.
  (b) The Management Committee shall exchange information, arbitrate disputes and agree strategy among Officers.
  (c) Decisions of the Management Committee are made by majority vote.
  (d) The President shall convene and preside over all meetings of the Management Committee.
  
  Article 4 Officers
  
  Section01 Moderators
  (a) Moderators moderate individual electronic forum(s) on ImmInst's website.
  (b) Moderation includes the enforcement of the User Agreement, editing contributions where appropriate, helping to link and highlight noteworthy information, assisting requests for information and dealing with complaints about the behaviour of users.
  (c) Moderators are overseen and appointed by a Lead Moderator.
  Section02 Engineers
  (a) Engineers work on the software the Institute uses.
  (b) Engineers assist with, among other things, identifying software errors and inefficiencies, improving the running of the software, establishing new software, advising on software options and keeping data secure from unwanted interference.
  (c) Engineers may have far reaching data access.
  (d) Engineers are overseen, appointed and dismissed by a Lead Engineer.
  Section03 Team Leaders
  (a) Team Leaders lead a particular project or initiative.
  (b) Team leaders establish the goals of the team and ensure that those goals are accomplished within a specified timeframe. They report on progress on a regular basis to the Team Coordinator and the membership.
  (c) Team leaders are overseen by the Team Coordinator
  Section04 Editors
  (a) Editors shall draft the content of publications or official website Content in specific agreed areas or for specific projects
  (b) Editors are overseen by the Lead Editor
  (c) Editors are appointed and dismissed by the Management Committee
  Section05 Spokesperson
  (a) Spokespersons are authorized to represent ImmInst on specific occasions or for a specific period of time, or on specific subjects.
  (b) Spokespersons shall be appointed and dismissed by Board Vote.
  Section06 Advisors
  (a) Advisors provide expert advice to the Institute Leadership.
  (b) Advisors are not appointed to give authoritative advice to the general membership or to the public on behalf of ImmInst and must avoid creating any impression to the contrary.
  (c) Advisors shall be appointed and dismissed by the Board.
  
  Article 5 Guardians
  
  Section01 All Individuals who have previously served as an ImmInst Director or Lead Officer or been a Lifetime Member for a period of at least 3 years shall be eligible as guardians.
  Section02 Guardians shall be registered by the Board.
  Section03 Guardians advise the community on strategic developments.
  Section04 Guardians Veto
  (a) Guardians may, in a special veto prevent the taking of any decision by an Officer, by the Board or in a Referendum that would fundamentally compromise the pursuit on the Institutes mission or endanger the Institutes existence
  (b) This veto must be proposed by a Guardian and be supported by at least 66% of all registered Guardians.
  
  Article 6 Teams
  Section01 ImmImnst shall, from time to time, form such teams as are necessary or desirous to engage in a certain activity
  (a) The Team Coordinator shall
  
  1) establish and disband teams as necessary and
  2) appoint a Teamleader for each team and
  3) be an ex officio member of all teams and
  4) inform the Board of all team formations and of all team leader appointments.
  
  (b) Teams shall consist of no fewer than one Member but may include non-Members
  (c) The mission of the team shall be specified upon its establishment.
  (d) Duties of team participants shall be specified in the appointment.
  Section02 Team leaders
  (a) The Team Coordinator may delegate the authority to appoint team members to the Team Leader of that team
  (b) The Team Leader shall be regarded as an officer of ImmInst and as a member of leadership, unless expressly stipulated otherwise by the Board.
  (c) The Team Leader may specify such rules, codes of conduct and objectives as required for the effective functioning of the team.
  
  

  ---

  
  
  Bylaw D. Decisions & Votes
  
  Article 1 --Officers Decision
  Section1    Officers may take individual decisions and conduct day-to-day operations within the remit of their responsibilities as laid out in this Constitution and as agreed by the Management Committee.
  Section2    An Officer's decision may be overturned by a Lead Officer who is authorised to appoint that Officer or by Board Vote or Referendum.
  
  Article 2 --Proposing a motion
  Section1    Any issue arising may be made subject of a Board Vote or a Referendum by any two Directors, or by a Guardian and a Director, where either one is proposing the voting brief and the other seconding the same.
  Section2    Votes must be presented in a Voting Brief. The Voting Brief must set out all of the following elements:
  
  (a) rationale for proposing the vote;
  (b) the projected costs of adopting the motion;
  (c) the designated voting period which must be no less than 48 hours for a Board vote or 7 days for a Referendum;
  (d) a selection of fixed options to include an option to reject the motion entirely and an option to register an abstention;
  (e) any qualifier that must be met for the motion to become effective.
  (f) whether the voting is by secret or by public ballot
  
  
  Article 3 --Meetings
  Section1   The Organisation shall maintain an interactive website which shall be considered an ongoing meeting of all Members and Directors as long as the website is commonly and usually accessible from within a majority of states in the US or Europe.
  Section2    Membersmay represent themselves in this meeting by utilizing an electronic alias.
  Section3   All communications that are disseminated via the Organisations website shall be considered valid notification to the entire membership 24 hours after they have been published unless otherwise stipulated in this Constitution.
  Section4    Meetings and votes of the Board can also be conducted by other forms of communication but minutes of the meeting and a record of all votes must be deposited on the website within 30 days.
  Section5    Referenda may only be conducted electronically on or via the website except when authorised by a specific Board Vote.
  
  Article 4 --Voting Rights
  Section1    All active Board members may vote in a Board Vote.
  Section2    All Members in good standing may vote in a Referendum
  Section3    A member entitled to vote may vote in person or may vote by proxy executed in writing by the member, or by his duly authorized attorney-in-fact. No proxy shall be valid after 11 months from the date of its execution, unless otherwise provided in the proxy.
  
  Article 5 --Chairs Privilege
  Section1   The Chairperson may pause any vote once for a maximum period of 30 days pause for any reason
  Section2   
  The Chairperson may halt, reschedule or terminate a vote if
  
  (a) theoutcome may collide with any vote that is currently pending or
  (b) circumstances have changed so as to render the vote baseless in light of the intentions stated in the voting brief or
  (c) the Voting Brief is insufficiently precise.
  
  Section3    Any decision by the Chairperson under this Article may be overturned by a Board Vote.
  Section4   The Chairperson may not exercise Chairs privilege on in a vote specifically aimed at overturning a previous decision by the Chair under this Article.
  
  Article 6 -- Tally
  Section1    When the designated voting period has expired, any member of Leadership may present an accurate tally of the votes cast.
  Section2    The first accurate version of such a tally shall be considered the final tally.
  Section3    The option that received the most votes in favour shall be considered the outcome of the vote, unless expressly specified to the contrary by the vote brief.
  Section4   Where the tally indicates that no option has received a majority of votes cast, excluding abstentions, the vote shall be considered defeated.
  Article 7 --Changes to the Articles of Incorporation and the Bylaws
  Section1    Changes to the Articles of Incorporation and the Bylaws are decisions subject to votes that may only be made in accordance with the additional provisions in this Article.
  Section2    The proposed change must be notified in full to a Guardian and the Guardian must acknowledge receipt of said notification.
  Section3    The proposed change may not be put to a vote before 48 hours have passed from the time a Guardian has acknowledged receipt.
  Section4    The motion is only valid by either unanimous agreement of the Board or if ratified by a simple majority of the Board and an additional Referendum.
  
  Bylaw E. Finances
  Article 1 -- Sustainability & Non-profit status
  Section1    The Organisation may not sign up to or engage in any activity that involves a variable financial expenditure if that expenditure could, in the estimation of the Treasurer or any Director exceed 80% of current assets and where there is no reasonable option to disengage from the activity in due time to prevent this occurrence.
  Section2   The Organisation shall not engage in any activities that would endanger its status as exempt from federal income tax under Section 501©(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, or its status as a corporation, contributions to which are deductible under Section 170©(2) of the Internal Revenue Code or any future version of such a federal tax code.
  Section3    The estimation of the Treasurer or any Director according to Section 01 must be published in a manner that it is easily accessible to all Members. The estimation is considered void only if the person who made it retracts it or when is no longer in post as a Treasurer or Director.
  
  Article 2 -- Expenses
  Section1    Expenses may only be incurred for the purpose of furthering the Organisations Mission.
  Section2    Valid receipts must be kept for all expenses. No expense may be reimbursed without a valid receipt.
  Section3    Any expense incurred on behalf of the Organisation must be approved by the Treasurer before it is incurred.
  Section4    Any Officer may incur expenses of up to $80 in any period of 7 days without the prior approval of the Treasurer, unless that Officer is instructed otherwise by the Treasurer. Such expenses must be notified to the Treasurer as soon as possible and cannot be incurred twice without the approval of the Treasurer.
  Section5    A Treasurer's decision to allow or disallow an expense may be overturned by a Board vote.
  
  Article 3 -- Budgets and reporting
  Section1    Between March 2^nd & March 18^th each year, the Treasurer shall take account of all assets and liabilities and make an estimation of the Organisation's operating revenues and expenses and provide an estimate of revenue or losses until the following March 1^st.
  Section2    Between March 18^th and March 30^th each year, the Board shall draft plans for expenditure in the following year (the Annual Budget).
  Section3    The Board may revise the Annual Budget at any time.
  Section4    If a Budget or a revised Budget would result in an expense which, in the estimation of the Treasurer or any two Directors would likely mean a reduction of greater than 30% of current assets at the following March 1^st compared to current assets at the previous March 2^nd, the Budget must be approved by a Referendum.
  Section5    If a Budget or a revised Budget would result in an expense which, in the estimation of the Treasurer or any Director would likely mean a reduction of greater than 60% of current assets at the following March 1^st compared to current assets at the previous March 2^nd, the Budget must be approved by a Referendum and by an additional majority vote of all registered Guardians.
  Section6    The Treasurer shall notify the Board between the 1^st and 8^th day of each June, September and December about the progress of spending the Budget and about any alterations in the projected revenues, expenses and surplus.
  
  Article 4 -- Dedicated Funds
  Section1   Research budget
  (a) The Board shall be required to dedicate not less than 10% of the Annual Budget, towards the conduct of novel scientific or technical research that may advance the Institutes mission.
  
  Section2    Project Funds
  
  (a) The Board may, from time to time, set aside a Budget under the control of any member of Leadership that this person may use to advance a specific project that has been approved by the Board
  (b) Expenses under this section, do nor require the approval of the Treasurer, unless stipulated otherwise at the time the Budget was initiated.
  
  Section3    Dedicated Donations
  
  (a) A donation shall be considered dedicated if the donor clearly states that the donation is to be used for a specific purpose only and outlines that purpose upon making the donation.
  (b) Anonymous donations cannot be considered to be dedicated.
  (c) Donations cannot be dedicated after they have been received.
  (d) Dedicated donations may only be used for the purpose of their dedication
  (e) Dedicated donations that cannot be used for the purpose of their dedication within 12months shall be returned to the donor unless the dedication specifies otherwise.
  (f) Membership donations are not considered dedicated donations.
  
  
  Article 5 -- Compensation
  Section1    Payments to Officers
  
  (a) No one shall receive payment or salary for acting as a Director.
  (b) Officers may receive pay for their time invested.
  (c) A Director may receive payment for time invested where a Director has also been appointed as an Officer or fulfils the duties of an Officer or any other duties or activities to the benefit of the Organisation that, in the estimation of the Board warrants financial consideration beyond the reimbursement of reasonable expenses,
  (d) Payments to an Officer or Director beyond the reimbursement of reasonable expenses that exceed $200 in any calendar month must be authorised by a Referendum.
  
  Section2   Compensation review
  
  (a) Scope for compensation for Officer activities, the remit of activities and expected results shall be agreed by the Board ahead of the activities being performed wherever possible.
  (b) After the activities have been performed, the Chair shall recommend to the Board to what extend the expected results have been met. If the person performing the activities is also the Chair, the Treasurer shall make the recommendation instead.
  (c)The Board may adjust the amount of compensation according to whether particular goals have been met, partially met or exceeded.
  (d) The Board may decide to award compensation without a prior agenda according to subsection (a). Compensation under this subsection exceeding $200 per person per year must be authorised in a Referendum.
  
  
  Section3    Employment
  
  (a) The Board shall make fair determination, in accordance with applicable law in each individual case whether an Officer or other person who receives pay from the Organisation on a regular basis shall be considered an employee of the Organisation.
  
  
  (b) Where applicable, the Board shall fulfil the legal duties of an employer as determined by the country of residence of the employee.
  
  
  Section4    Reward points
  
  (a) The Board shall establish a system of acknowledgement for contributions that may give beneficiaries the opportunity to redeem such acknowledgements for tangible benefits, but not for cash.
  (b) The Board shall appoint a person or persons to administer or oversee the system of acknowledgement and to guarantee that it is fair and sustainable.
  (c) A Budget shall be set aside to fund tangible benefits under this system.
  (d) Persons participating under this system may not

  
  1) expect to receive certain rewards or any reward, and
  2) assume that a method of apportioning acknowledgement will not change or be changed retroactively, and
  3) infer or assert any claims or entitlements whatsoever from participating and
  4) receive rewards totalling more than $300 in usual purchase value in any one calendar year.
  
  
  Article 6 -- Transparency
  Section1     Financial details and decisions under this Bylaw shall be shared with the Membership in a timely manner wherever possible.
  Section2     Security, commercial or privacy considerations may preclude transparency according to this article. If a decision has been made to not share certain information, the Treasurer shall periodically review that decision.]]> Sun, 11 Sep 2011 22:16:05 +0000 5ef059938ba799aaa845e1c2e8a762bd http://www.longecity.org/forum/page/index.html/_/articles/longecity/articles-of-incorporation-r17
  
  

  name="imm_art1">Article 1 --
  Nature of this Document

  
  
  
  
  • Section1
    
    This
    Organization was originally certified on the 3rd September 2002 in the
    State of Alabama, USA pursuant to the Alabama Nonprofit Corporation Act
    and retains its
    identity with that same Organisation.
  
  
  • Section2
    
    The
    name of this nonprofit organization shall be "The Immortality
    Institute" or
    "Immortality Institute", or "ImmInst", or "Longecity" or "Longe City"
    or any similar spelling or any one these words in connection with an
    internet sub-level domain name that is registered on behalf of the
    Organisation.
  
  
  • Section3
    
    the
    Organisation may operate specific aspects of activity under other names
    as
    agreed by a majority of sitting Directors. The alternative name(s) and
    their
    associated remit of subsidiary activities shall be listed in the
    Bylaws.
    
  
  
  
  
  
  

  name="imm_art2">Article 2 --
  Mission

  
  
  
  
  
  
  • Section1
    
    The
    mission of the Organisation is to conquer the blight of involuntary
    death.
  
  
  • Section2
    
    To advance the mission, the Organisation aims to provide, among
    other things:
    
    (a) a
    forum for the exchange of information and views;
    
    
    
    (b) a
    repository of relevant information;
    
    
    
    (c.) an electronic infrastructure to support community projects and initiatives;
    
    
    
    (d) targeted
    funding for relevant community initiatives and projects.
    
    
  
  
  • Section3
    
    The
    Organisation may adopt any further descriptions and announcements and
    other
    statements of its aims, aspirations, activities, policies, and
    positions as
    authorised by the Board or made by an authorised Officer. Where such
    statements
    are to be considered as prominent or important or to referred to on a
    regular
    basis, the statement shall be incorporated in the Bylaws.
  
  
  • Section4
    
    The
    Organisation shall operate on a not-for profit basis, organized
    exclusively for
    charitable, educational, and scientific purposes as may qualify it as
    exempt
    from federal income tax under applicable sections of the Internal
    Revenue Code
    (1986), as amended, or corresponding section(s) of any future federal
    tax code.
    
  
  
  
  
  
  

  name="imm_art3">Article 3 --
  Registered Address

  
  
  
  
  
  
  • Section1
    
    The
    Organisation shall have the power and right to establish and maintain
    offices
    and to engage in activity at any other place or places within or
    outside the
    State it is incorporated in.
    
  
  
  • Section2
    
    The
    current seat and registered address of the Organisation is c/o Shepard
    999 Pleasant
    Ave Auburn, Alabama 36832, USA
    
  
  
  
  
  
  

  name="imm_art4">Article 4 -- Internal Regulation

  
  
  
  
  
  
  • Section1
    
    Provisions
    for the regulation and management of the affairs of the Organisation
    shall be
    set out in its Constitution, which consists of the Articles of
    Incorporation
    and the Bylaws.
  
  
  • Section2
    
    The
    operation of the organisation shall be governed by Bylaws. The Bylaws
    may be
    amended or repealed, in whole or in part, in the manner provided
    therein.
    
  
  
  • Section3
    
    References
    to specific terms in this Constitution shall be to the definition
    associated
    with that term therein. These specific terms shall be capitalised.
    
  
  
  • Section4
    
    References
    to specific dates in this Constitution shall be to Greenwich Mean Time.
    References
    to days as duration shall mean a 24hr period.
  
  
  
  
  
  

  name="imm_art5">Article 5 --
  Board of Directors

  
  
  
  
  
  
  • Section1
    
    The
    Organisation shall be governed by a Board of Directors (the Board)
    comprised of
    no fewer than three persons.
  
  
  • Section2
    
    All
    corporate powers shall be exercised by or under authority of the Board,
    and the
    business and affairs of the Organisation shall be managed under the
    direction
    of the Board.
    
  
  
  • Section3
    
    Directors
    shall be natural persons. The Bylaws may prescribe other qualifications
    for Directors
    and the manner of their appointment and dismissal.
  
  
  • Section4
    
    The
    Directors shall not, as such, be liable for obligations of the
    Corporation.
    
  
  
  • Section5
    
    The
    Board may delegate decisions regarding action, communication, policy,
    expenditures, and other matters relating to the affairs of the
    Organisation to
    appointed Officers or to designated individuals on a temporary basis.
    
  
  
  
  
  
  

  name="imm_art6">Article 6 --
  Membership

  
  
  
  
  
  
  • Section1
    
    The
    Organisation may have one or more classes of Members, the designation
    of such
    class or classes, the manner of election or appointment and the
    qualifications
    and rights of the Members of each class shall be set forth in the
    Bylaws.
  
  
  • Section2
    
    Members
    of the Organisation shall not, as such, be liable for obligations of
    the Organisation.
    
  
  
  
  
  
  

  name="imm_art7">Article 7 --
  Duration and Dissolution

  
  
  
  
  
  
  • Section1
    
    The
    duration of the Organisation shall be perpetual.
    
  
  
  • Section2
    
    The
    Organisation shall not dissolve, disband, discontinue its activities,
    deplete
    the entirety of its assets or suspend this Constitution except as
    provided in
    this Article.
  
  
  • Section3
    
    The
    Organisation shall disband
    
    (a) when
    the Mission has been fulfilled as decreed by a unanimous decision of
    the Board
    and an additional affirmative Referendum (as described in the Bylaws) or
    
    
    
    (b) when
    it can no longer pursue its mission effectively as decreed by a
    unanimous
    decision of the Board and an additional affirmative Referendum or
    
    
    
    (c.) when
    the number of active Directors has been below 3 for more than 150
    consecutive
    days.
    
    
  
  
  • Section4
    
    In
    the event of the dissolution of the Organisation, any assets remaining
    shall be
    disposed of by the Board of Directors, exclusively for the purpose of
    fostering
    its mission in accordance with law to one or more organizations
    (including,
    without limitation, organs of federal, state or local government)
    engaged in
    activities substantially similar to those of the Organisation.
    
  
  
  • Section5
    
    The
    provisions of Title 10, Chapter 3A, and Article 7 of the Code of
    Alabama as
    amended, or any superseding provisions on the dissolution of non-profit
    organisations shall apply.
    
  
  
  
  

  name="imm_art8">Article 8 --
  Transitional arrangements

  
  
  
  
  • Section1
    
    This
    version of the Articles of Incorporation comes into force on January 8^th
    2011, 00:08 GMT or as soon as possible thereafter.
  
  
  • Section2
    
    The
    Persons listed in an appendix to these Articles shall continue to be
    recognised
    as Directors of the Organisation until such time as they are replaced
    in
    accordance with this Constitution.
    
  
  
  • Section3
    
    The
    Persons listed in an appendix to these Articles shall continue to be
    recognised
    as Officers of the Organisation until such time as they are replaced in
    accordance with this Constitution.
    
  
  
  • Section4
    
    Decisions,
    votes and agreements made in accordance with the previous Constitution
    shall
    not be invalidated by the adoption of the revised Articles of
    Incorporation,
    unless these former decisions, votes and agreements endure and are now
    in
    conflict with the new revised version in which case they shall be
    considered
    void wherever possible in law.1
    
    
    
  
  
  ]]> Sun, 11 Sep 2011 22:04:45 +0000 eb160de1de89d9058fcb0b968dbbbd68 http://www.longecity.org/forum/page/index.html/_/news/newsletter-r15
  To subscribe or unsubscribe: Visit this link and check if the box for 'Send me any updates sent by the board administrator' is checked.
  
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  April 2012
  
  

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  -2011-
  December 2012: http://www.longecity...ter_2011_12.htm
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  ]]> Fri, 09 Sep 2011 06:56:51 +0000 2b44928ae11fb9384c4cf38708677c48 http://www.longecity.org/forum/page/index.html/_/science/projects/research-funding-expression-of-interest-sought-r14
  This round, in honour of the pioneer Robert Ettinger recently placed in cryostasis, we are looking to support a project dealing with cryopreservation, cryobiology, biostasis or a related topic.
  
  Projects should:
  - be basic or applied research but basic research should have potential for applied development
  - present short updates for Members with interim data, photos from the facility etc at agreed intervals
  - be led or overseen by a person with a postgraduate qualification in the relevant field or by a person with demonstrable equivalent experience
  - have clearly defined interim milestones
  - have a flexible project structure that can be adjusted according to the amount of money raised
  - be small in scale - one or two key workers
  - be short in duration - 6 months maximum
  - not be confidential. LongeCity will expect open and public presentation and discussion of research results. However, confidentiality will be accepted where a manuscript is prepared for publication or where a patent is filed.
  
  LongeCity will be able to support a project with a minimum of $2000 and up to $6000, subject to matching by other donors.
  LongeCity will launch a call for matching donations and every donation generated in that call will go towards the project budget.
  
  
  Interested parties should send
  - a project outline of no more than 800 words written in lay language but supported by up to 5 literature references
  - a curriculum vitae of the project leader
  
  to support@imminst.org
  
  Deadline: August 31st!
  
  
  --]]> Mon, 29 Aug 2011 23:46:25 +0000 5fd0b37cd7dbbb00f97ba6ce92bf5add http://www.longecity.org/forum/page/index.html/_/articles/longecity/longecity-leadership-r13 themselves.
  
  The annual election cycle also had disadvantages. Many activities were put on hold effectively between Jan 1st and Feb.8th. Sometimes it seemed candidates were in the running simply because ‘elections were called’ – and to be fair, we often felt that we needed to encourage candidates simply to keep the numbers up.
  
  Also, the limited tenure of Directors had its own problems: If a Director was active and committed the requirement to run again could potentially dampen enthusiasm. If a Directors ceased to be active, there it was sometimes felt that
  it would be easier to wait until the term expires instead of removing that person from post.
  
  
  
  There are many other arguments for and against the old system. In any event, we have now adopted a new one: Director elections are now possible four times per year, but only if there are actually interested and committed candidates. If you don’t like the work of a Director, you can replace him/her by doing better: You can initiate a ‘challenge election’ by standing against an incumbent Director.
  We hope that this system will at the same time be more dynamic while also leading to greater stability in leadership.
  
  Nonetheless, the basic tenets have not changed: The responsibility of selecting Directors remains with our membership, and with individual Members.
  
  We could certainly use more people on the board. Maybe you would like to serve as Director, or know of someone who should.
  
  Suggestions for prospective candidates:
  -- If you haven’t worked actively with at least one team, you should start there. Through work in a team, you get more interaction with the Board and your capacity and commitment will be apparent to leader- and membership. Easy teams to join are the Editors, Recorders or Moderators.
  -- A great start would be to take up the leadership of a specific project – if you can motivate others and chaperone a project from idea to implementation you are definitely Director material.
  -- You should remember that being a Director comes with certain responsibilities, legal, organisational and moral. You need to consider what time you can realistically invest, and base that assessment not just on your current circumstances but planning ahead at least ten months to a year.
  -- Look out for Board meetings and management meetings on skype and try to attend as many as possible. Normally these meetings or large parts at least are open to all Members, and you would be expected to attend once in Leadership.
  -- Try to get to know people in leadership a little bit, and make sure that you have support from volunteers and Members as well. LongeCity is a community endeavour. Reforms and better ways of working are certainly always on the cards, but we have no need for people who waltz in with a self-satisfied attitude and who only seek to criticise and belittle.
  -- Read the ‘decisions archive’. Familiarise yourself with previous projects – including the ones that didn’t get off the ground. Study the financial data. ImmInst has been around for a while. You don’t need to know the minutiae of our history, but you should demonstrate some understanding of the organisation you are leading.
  -- Read the Constitution. You will need to share some personal details (Bylaw C Art.I,s.2), sign the leadership pledge (Bylaw C Art.I,s.3) , and comply with the other duties and requirements outlined therein, and understand –at least roughly – how they operate.
  
  These are just some suggestions. Feel free to get in touch anytime to discuss your individual circumstances and interests.
  
  

  ---

  
  So, this is an open invitation for candidates – for Director, Lead Officer, for team leader or team member – to step forward.
  
  
  Directors:
  
  The next date for Director elections is March. (then June and September). Candidates can formally declare their candidature between March 1st and 8th, (although, as explained above, an informal expression of interest would be
  useful much earlier). Within 56 hours of announcing candidature, a candidate must be endorsed by 8 Members – so make sure your friends are ready.
  Currently, the board is not at full capacity, so you can decide if you want to simply join the board or if you want to replace a sitting Director.
  Only Individuals who have been Members for more than 8 months may stand as candidate for Director election. The elections will be conducted in a Referendum in the same month.
  
  Lead Officers:
  The following Lead officer positions exist:
  1) the President shall act as the chief executive officer
  2) the Secretary shall manage membership affairs
  3) the Treasurer shall manage financial affairs
  4) the Team Coordinator shall oversee various volunteer activities
  5) the Lead Editor shall serve as an Editor and oversee the Editors
  6) the Lead Moderator shall serve as a Moderator and shall oversee the Moderators
  7) the Lead Engineer shall serve as a Engineer and oversee the Engineers
  Currently, all of these roles are filled by Directors in a caretaker capacity. We would much prefer to diversify, so if you are interested in one of these jobs talk to a Director about it.
  
  
  Project leader:
  This is an informal role, but a great way to join leadership on your own terms. Firstly, you suggest a project in the ‘Project suggestions’ forum. It may take some time to get the project evaluated and adopted, but if it’s a great idea, not too expensive and you are willing to put in the time it shouldn’t be too difficult to get official support quickly.
  
  Teams:
  Joining most team is much less complicated. You don’t have to become a member and you don’t have to join leadership. Click here if you would like to join a team. (Link inactive)
  ---]]> Mon, 29 Aug 2011 18:48:23 +0000 73278a4a86960eeb576a8fd4c9ec6997 http://www.longecity.org/forum/page/index.html/_/articles/longecity/30-seconds-to-improve-this-website-r12 Do you want to take to make this a better website?
  LongeCity is firmly a community website. There is very little 'official' content, because we believe in the wisdom of groups and in the dynamics of collective action.
  In the long run, visiting LongeCity is only worth your while if there are not just passive consumers but active contributors.
  
  Have you got half a minute?
  
  
  • Add a link to an interesting website
    
  • Add a video on a relevant topic
    
  • Share a picture or a photograph
    
  • Share a discussion on facebook, digg or any other social networking site
    
  • Vote reputation on posts of high or low quality
    
  • Suggest a speaker for the LongeCity Chat
    
  • Invite someone you know to the forum ( you can use the referral link at the bottom of the right-hand column here)
    
  
  Have you got half an hour?
  
  
  • Post a comment with a little bit of extra work, using references
    
  • Edit one of our archived broadcasts
    
  • Edit our entry at Wikipedia
    
  • Post an article to your blog(at LongeCity or syndicated here)
    
  • Review a couple of recent posts in the ideas forum if there is anything that appeals to you or that you would help with.
    
  • Write a letter to an expert asking him/her to answer a post in the forum.
    
  • Convert our Constitution into HTML (done)
    
  
  Have you got half a day?
  
  Volunteers who can spend just half a day per month are urgently needed and can really make a difference in advancing out mission. If you can spare a few hours, please get in touch with our Teams Coordinator who can help to match your experience, expertise and interests with a suitable project.
  
  
  ---]]> Mon, 29 Aug 2011 18:42:11 +0000 7f6ffaa6bb0b408017b62254211691b5