18 replies to this topic

[desperate788]

Grape is said to be good for mental health. I regularly drink. Do you have any info about this?

[Ben]

Well with all the simple sugar in grape juice it certainly will be.


Is there something special in grapes that could aid mental energy? Probably not, at least I've never heard of it if there is.

[brotherx]

Hi,

scientists know that something
in grapefruit inhibits an important
enzyme, CYP 3A4, in the
wall of the intestine. This enzyme
is critical for the breakdown of hundreds
of medications. When its effectiveness
is compromised, blood
levels of such drugs can rise and
trigger undesirable side effects. The
responsible compound in grapefruit
remains elusive. Experts believe it
may be a bioflavonoid, perhaps a
bergamottin derivative, which may
contribute to grapefruit’s distinctive
flavor.

"Researchers have found the
grapefruit interaction so compelling
that they have extended their
investigations to dozens of medicines.
At last count more than 30
drugs are affected, including some
of the most popular products in the
pharmacy.

OTHER POSSIBLE GRAPEFRUIT INTERACTIONS
4
Cyclosporine has revolutionized transplant
surgery. Without this drug many
patients would reject the new heart or
kidney they receive. Grapefruit can increase
cyclosporine blood levels dramatically.
With careful monitoring by a transplant
team, this effect could be useful,
because it would allow lower doses of an
expensive medication. But a patient un-
Transplant
Drugs
aware of the interaction could
suffer serious side effects, including
kidney problems, diarrhea,
high blood pressure and
seizures. Tacrolimus and
sirolimus, two other transplant
drugs, also interact with grapefruit.
This could contribute to
toxicity.

A number of other medications also appear to interact with grapefruit, or might be expected to interact with
grapefruit based on the fact that they are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme. The antidepressants
nefazodone (Serzone) and trazodone (Desyrel) are among them.
Antipsychotic medications may also interact. A case report on two children indicates that levels of clomipramine
(Anafranil), prescribed primarily for obsessive-compulsive disorder, may increase measurably when combined
with grapefruit. The schizophrenia medicine quetiapine (Seroquel) is expected to interact with grapefruit as well.
Side effects that might occur could include drowsiness, headaches, dizziness, involuntary muscle twitching and
restlessness.
The cortisone-like drug methylprednisolone (Medrol) is mildly affected by grapefruit. Although there is some
question about the significance of this interaction, we would urge caution as some people may be more sensitive
than others to increased steroid effects. A similar concern exists for the impotence medicine sildenafil (Viagra).
There is good theoretical reason to suspect that grapefruit would boost blood levels of this drug and one case report
demonstrated high blood levels in an older man who took Viagra with grapefruit juice. This combination could
possibly lead to low blood pressure, fainting and more serious cardiovascular complications.
Other drugs that could potentially interact with grapefruit include the asthma medicine montelukast (Singulair),
the blood pressure pill losartan (Cozaar), the Alzheimer's drug donepezil (Aricept), the breast cancer medicine
tamoxifen (Nolvadex), the prostate medication tamsulosin (Flomax) and the nonsedating antihistamines loratadine
(Claritin) and fexofenadine (Allegra). The significance of any of these interactions is unknown."

Source: Graedons’ Guide to Grapefruit Interactions

See also attachement

Well with all the simple sugar in grape juice it certainly will be.


Is there something special in grapes that could aid mental energy? Probably not, at least I've never heard of it if there is.

Attached Files

•  gfruit02.pdf   34.7KB   4 downloads

[desperate788]

Well with all the simple sugar in grape juice it certainly will be.


Is there something special in grapes that could aid mental energy? Probably not, at least I've never heard of it if there is.

Thanks for the reply, do you know anything that has something special to aid mental energy?
I read that grape strengthens mind and organism thats why I thought it may be beneficial.

[desperate788]

Hi,

scientists know that something
in grapefruit inhibits an important
enzyme, CYP 3A4, in the
wall of the intestine. This enzyme
is critical for the breakdown of hundreds
of medications. When its effectiveness
is compromised, blood
levels of such drugs can rise and
trigger undesirable side effects. The
responsible compound in grapefruit
remains elusive. Experts believe it
may be a bioflavonoid, perhaps a
bergamottin derivative, which may
contribute to grapefruit's distinctive
flavor.

"Researchers have found the
grapefruit interaction so compelling
that they have extended their
investigations to dozens of medicines.
At last count more than 30
drugs are affected, including some
of the most popular products in the
pharmacy.

OTHER POSSIBLE GRAPEFRUIT INTERACTIONS
4
Cyclosporine has revolutionized transplant
surgery. Without this drug many
patients would reject the new heart or
kidney they receive. Grapefruit can increase
cyclosporine blood levels dramatically.
With careful monitoring by a transplant
team, this effect could be useful,
because it would allow lower doses of an
expensive medication. But a patient un-
Transplant
Drugs
aware of the interaction could
suffer serious side effects, including
kidney problems, diarrhea,
high blood pressure and
seizures. Tacrolimus and
sirolimus, two other transplant
drugs, also interact with grapefruit.
This could contribute to
toxicity.

A number of other medications also appear to interact with grapefruit, or might be expected to interact with
grapefruit based on the fact that they are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme. The antidepressants
nefazodone (Serzone) and trazodone (Desyrel) are among them.
Antipsychotic medications may also interact. A case report on two children indicates that levels of clomipramine
(Anafranil), prescribed primarily for obsessive-compulsive disorder, may increase measurably when combined
with grapefruit. The schizophrenia medicine quetiapine (Seroquel) is expected to interact with grapefruit as well.
Side effects that might occur could include drowsiness, headaches, dizziness, involuntary muscle twitching and
restlessness.
The cortisone-like drug methylprednisolone (Medrol) is mildly affected by grapefruit. Although there is some
question about the significance of this interaction, we would urge caution as some people may be more sensitive
than others to increased steroid effects. A similar concern exists for the impotence medicine sildenafil (Viagra).
There is good theoretical reason to suspect that grapefruit would boost blood levels of this drug and one case report
demonstrated high blood levels in an older man who took Viagra with grapefruit juice. This combination could
possibly lead to low blood pressure, fainting and more serious cardiovascular complications.
Other drugs that could potentially interact with grapefruit include the asthma medicine montelukast (Singulair),
the blood pressure pill losartan (Cozaar), the Alzheimer's drug donepezil (Aricept), the breast cancer medicine
tamoxifen (Nolvadex), the prostate medication tamsulosin (Flomax) and the nonsedating antihistamines loratadine
(Claritin) and fexofenadine (Allegra). The significance of any of these interactions is unknown."

Source: Graedons' Guide to Grapefruit Interactions

See also attachement

Well with all the simple sugar in grape juice it certainly will be.


Is there something special in grapes that could aid mental energy? Probably not, at least I've never heard of it if there is.

thanks for the warning, The only drug I use that is in the interaction list is seroquel. I take seroquel sometimes when I can't sleep and I don't take too much so no problem for me about grape interactions.

[brotherx]

Pleasure,

some additional information (source:http://holisticonline.com/Herbal-Med)


Interaction of Grapefruit Juice with Antihistamines

The most significant interaction of grapefruit juice occurred with anithistamines. Do not take grapefruit juice if you are taking terfenadine (seldane) or astemizole (Hismanal) due to the possibility of fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Other non-sedating antihistamines are available which do not appear to interact with grapefruit juice. (e.g., loratidine (Claritin) cetirizine (Reactine) or fexofenadine (Allegra).

In Australia, it is routine practice to add auxiliary labelling to prescriptions for terfenadine warning of grapefruit-juice drug interactions. In the United States, the manufacturer of terfenadine has changed its prescribing information to indicate that GJ should not be taken with terfenadine.

The most significant documented grapefruit juice drug interaction occurred with terfenadine (Seldane). A previously healthy 29-year old male used terfenadine twice daily for one year to treat allergic rhinitis. The patient drank grapefruit juice two to three times weekly. On the day of his death, he consumed two glasses of juice, took his terfenadine dose, and proceeded to mow the lawn. He became ill, collapsed and died. Post-mortem terfenadine and terfenadine metabolite plasma levels were reported as 35 ng/mL and 130 ng/mL respectively. (In normal cases, the plasma concentration is not detectable.) These levels are within range of previously noted arrhythmogenic levels of terfenadine. The individual had both cardiomegaly and hepatomegaly, but no evidence of impaired hepatic function.

To study the effect of grapefruit juice on terfenadine 12 healthy subjects were given terfenadine 60 mg with either water or grapefruit juice, co-administered with terfenadine or delayed by 2 hours.


Interaction of Grapefruit Juice with Cholesterol Lowering Drugs

Lovastatin (Mevacor)

Kantola T et al. ( Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 63: 397-402) studied ten healthy subjects in an open randomized crossover trial to determine how grapefruit juice interacts with lovastatin. The subjects drank 200 mL double strength grapefruit juice or water for two days before being given a single 80 mg dose of lovastatin ( 2-4 times the usual dosage).
bullet Peak concentrations of lovastatin and lovastatin acid (an active metabolite) were increased on average 12-fold for lovastatin, and 4-fold for lovastatin acid.
bullet The area under the curve (AUC) was increased 15-fold for lovastatin and 5-fold for lovastatin acid.
bullet The half-life of lovastatin and lovastatin acid was not affected.

The authors advised that co-administration of lovastatin with grapefruit juice be avoided.

To keep these results in perspective, the study employed double strength grapefruit juice and higher than normal dosage of lovastatin. However, a 15-fold increase in AUC and a 12-fold increase in peak levels as a result of interaction with grapefruit juice should be of serious concern.

A group of researchers from Merck (the manufacturer of Mevacor) conducted their own research to determine the effect of grapefruit juice on normal dosage of lovastatin. Sixteen healthy subjects received either 8 ounces of single-strength GJ or water with breakfast for 3 consecutive days. The subjects then received a single 40mg dose of lovastatin in the evening of the third day. The AUC and Cmax of all active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors increased by approximately 40% each in the GJ group. The AUC and Cmax values for lovastatin approximately doubled in the GJ patients, and lovastatin acid AUC and Cmax increased 1.6 fold. The authors explained the lower interaction in their experiment by the fact that they used a normal dose of lovastatin (40mg daily in the evening) and a normal amount of grapefruit juice (one regular strength glass daily with breakfast). They concluded that daily consumption of a glass of regular-strength GJ has a minimal effect on plasma concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors after a 40mg evening dose of lovastatin.

Simvastatin (Zocor)

Ten healthy volunteers received either 200 mL water or double strength grapefruit juice three times daily for 2 days before receiving a single 60mg dose of simvastatin (Note: 3-6x the usual dosage), in a randomized crossover fashion. Lilja, JJ, Kivisto KT, Neovonen PJ. ( Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 64: 477-83), who conducted the clinical trial reported that grapefruit juice increased:
bullet The simvastatin AUC by 1513%
bullet The Cmax (Maximum concentration) by 842%
bullet Simvastatin acid AUC by 577%
bullet Cmax by 555%

Time to peak concentration of simvastatin was increased from 1 hour to 2.5 hours.

Again, to keep things in perspective, double-strength grapefruit juice was used, and a higher than usual dose of simvastatin was used in the study. But the grapefruit juice interaction is quite dramatic on the simvastatin blood levels. The authors recommended that you do not use grapefruit juice and simvastatin simultaneously, or to use substantially lower dosage of simvastatin when used in combination with grapefruit juice.

Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Lilja JJ, and co-investigators ( Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 66: 118-27) reported the results of clinical trials conducted to determine how grapefruit juice intracts with atorvastatin and provastatin.

Twelve healthy volunteers received either 200 mL water or double strength grapefruit juice three times daily for two days before receiving a single 40 mg dose of atorvastatin with either 200 mL water or grapefruit juice in a randomized crossover fashion. Subjects took an additional 200 mL water or grapefruit juice three times daily on day 4 and 5 as well.

Grapefruit juice increased:
bullet The atorvastatin acid AUC by 2.5 fold
bullet The peak concentration of atorvastatin acid was not affected
bullet Time to peak concentration by 200%
bullet Half-life by 70%

Atorvastatin has two active metabolites: atorvastatin lactone and 2-hydroxyatorvastatin acid which were also affected by GJ, with the AUC of active and total HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors being increased 1.3 fold and 1.5 fold respectively.

Grapefruit juice interacts with atorvastatin (lipitor) by a much less extent than its effect on lovastatin and simvastatin. The authors concluded that grapefruit juice, at least in large amounts, should not be used concomitantly with atorvastatin, or the dosage of atorvastatin should be reduced accordingly.

Pravastatin (Pravachol)

Eleven healthy volunteers received either 200 mL water or double strength grapefruit juice three times daily for two days before receiving a single 40mg dose of pravastatin with either 200 mL water or grapefruit juice in a randomized crossover fashion. Grapefruit juice had no significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of pravastatin, other than the tmax of active HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors was significantly prolonged from 1 hour to 2 hours. The authors concluded that pravastatin is not susceptible to interaction with grapefruit juice and other CYP3A4 inhibitors.


Grapefruit Juice and Psychiatric Medications

Several psychiatric medications are affected by the metabolism of cytochrome p450 isoenzyme 3A4 (CYP3A4). The bioavailability was affected. A significant increase in pharmacodynamic effects, such as prolonged reaction times was also observed. The interactions could have important implications in patients with other conditions that might increase benzodiazepine bioavailability (e.g. advanced age, liver cirrhosis, concurrent use of other medications that inhibit cytochrome P450). These patients should be observed for increased sedation.

Triazolam (Halcion)

Triazolam AUC was increased 48% and Cmax increased 30% in healthy volunteers given triazolam with grapefruit juice. Drowsiness was significantly increased when triazolam was given concurrently with grapefruit juice. (Source: Hukkinen SK, Varhe A, Olkkola KT et al., Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58: 127-31).

Diazepam (Valium)

Eight healthy subjects were given diazepam 5mg orally with either 250 mL water or grapefruit juice. The mean AUC of diazepam was increased 3.2-fold and the peak concentration was increased 1.5-fold by the grapefruit juice. Grapefruit juice postponed the time to reach peak concentration of diazepam from 1.5 hours to 2.1 hours. (Reference: Ozdemir M, Aktan Y, Boydag BS., Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1998 Jan-Mar;23(1):55-9.)

Alprazolam (Xanax)

Alprazolam is a substrate of CYP3A4, and may be subject to similar increases in AUC and clinical effects as seen with the other CYP3A4-metabolized benzodiazepines.

--

Grapefruit Juice and Calcium Channel Blockers

Several studies recorded the effect of grapefruit juice on calcium channel blockers. The grapefruit juice seems to affect mainly the dihydropyridine family of calcium-channel blockers. Most studies used healthy persons. It is expected that people with existing hypertension or cardiac condition may be more adversely affected by the grapefruit juice interaction.

The following is a summary of clinical findings on how grapefruit juice affects the bio-availability and side reactions of calcium channel blockers.

Felodipine (Plendil, Renedil)

Felodipine was given with double-strength grapefruit juice to six hypertensive patients.

Results:
bullet Tachycardia
bullet Decreased diastolic blood pressure
bullet Felodipine AUC increased by 184%
bullet An increase in side effects (facial flushing, headache, dizziness) were noted.

Nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia)

Patients taking nifedipine experienced an increase in AUC by 34%.

Amlodipine (Norvasc)

In 12 healthy subjects amlodipine AUC was increased by 16% and patients experienced a slight reduction in diastolic blood pressure when amlodipine was given with single-strength grapefruit juice.

Nitrendipine

In nine patients, nitrendipine AUC was increased by 106% when given with grapefruit juice.

Nisoldipine

In 12 patients, nisoldipine AUC was increased by 98% when given with grapefruit juice, and peak concentrations were increased by 406%. There was marked variation within individuals as to how they reacted to the grapefruit juice. Only minor effects on blood pressure and heart rate were noted.

Verapamil (Isoptin, Calan)

In a crossover study of 24 volunteers, verapamil and norverapamil AUCs were increased 43% and 28%, while the maximum plasma concentration of verapamil and norverapamil were increased 60% and 32%. Four subjects in the grapefruit juice-verapamil phase had a PR interval prolongation to greater than 0.24 seconds.

Diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac)

Nine healthy male subjects received 120mg diltiazem with either 200 mL of water or single-strength grapefruit juice.

Results:
bullet AUC and Cmax were not affected by grapefruit juice.
bullet Elimination half-life did show a small but significant increase (4.1 hours to 5.1 hours when dilitazem given with grapefruit juice).

--

Grapefruit Juice and Immunosuppressant Drugs

Grapefruit juice was found to interact with cyclosporine, a popular transplant medication. The serum concentration of cyclosporine was found to increase when grapefruit juice was coadministered with the drug. In fact, some transplant physicians are reported to use grapefruit juice to increase the bio-availablity of cyclosporine. (Many experts discourage such practice as it is difficult to control the concentration this way.)

In 12 kidney transplant patients receiving cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral) and grapefruit juice, the ratio of metabolite AUC to cyclosporine AUC and peak concentrations were increased while trough levels were not significantly changed.

Fourteen healthy subjects, experienced a 45% increase in AUC and increased maximal plasma concentrations when cyclosporine was given with grapefruit juice.

Another study looked at 11 renal transplant patients receiving their usual dosage of cylcosporine (Sandimmune) for one week with either water or single-strength grapefruit juice. Trough cyclosporine concentrations were measured.

In 8 patients, trough cyclosporine levels increased, for an average of 32% when cyclosporine was given with grapefruit juice.

10 patients had their trough cyclosporine levels declined an average decrease of 27% when they resumed taking cyclosporine with water.

Do not to drink grapefruit juice while taking cyclosporine, unless specifically advised to do so by your transplant physician."

Cheers

Alex

Hi,

scientists know that something
in grapefruit inhibits an important
enzyme, CYP 3A4, in the
wall of the intestine. This enzyme
is critical for the breakdown of hundreds
of medications. When its effectiveness
is compromised, blood
levels of such drugs can rise and
trigger undesirable side effects. The
responsible compound in grapefruit
remains elusive. Experts believe it
may be a bioflavonoid, perhaps a
bergamottin derivative, which may
contribute to grapefruit's distinctive
flavor.

"Researchers have found the
grapefruit interaction so compelling
that they have extended their
investigations to dozens of medicines.
At last count more than 30
drugs are affected, including some
of the most popular products in the
pharmacy.

OTHER POSSIBLE GRAPEFRUIT INTERACTIONS
4
Cyclosporine has revolutionized transplant
surgery. Without this drug many
patients would reject the new heart or
kidney they receive. Grapefruit can increase
cyclosporine blood levels dramatically.
With careful monitoring by a transplant
team, this effect could be useful,
because it would allow lower doses of an
expensive medication. But a patient un-
Transplant
Drugs
aware of the interaction could
suffer serious side effects, including
kidney problems, diarrhea,
high blood pressure and
seizures. Tacrolimus and
sirolimus, two other transplant
drugs, also interact with grapefruit.
This could contribute to
toxicity.

A number of other medications also appear to interact with grapefruit, or might be expected to interact with
grapefruit based on the fact that they are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme. The antidepressants
nefazodone (Serzone) and trazodone (Desyrel) are among them.
Antipsychotic medications may also interact. A case report on two children indicates that levels of clomipramine
(Anafranil), prescribed primarily for obsessive-compulsive disorder, may increase measurably when combined
with grapefruit. The schizophrenia medicine quetiapine (Seroquel) is expected to interact with grapefruit as well.
Side effects that might occur could include drowsiness, headaches, dizziness, involuntary muscle twitching and
restlessness.
The cortisone-like drug methylprednisolone (Medrol) is mildly affected by grapefruit. Although there is some
question about the significance of this interaction, we would urge caution as some people may be more sensitive
than others to increased steroid effects. A similar concern exists for the impotence medicine sildenafil (Viagra).
There is good theoretical reason to suspect that grapefruit would boost blood levels of this drug and one case report
demonstrated high blood levels in an older man who took Viagra with grapefruit juice. This combination could
possibly lead to low blood pressure, fainting and more serious cardiovascular complications.
Other drugs that could potentially interact with grapefruit include the asthma medicine montelukast (Singulair),
the blood pressure pill losartan (Cozaar), the Alzheimer's drug donepezil (Aricept), the breast cancer medicine
tamoxifen (Nolvadex), the prostate medication tamsulosin (Flomax) and the nonsedating antihistamines loratadine
(Claritin) and fexofenadine (Allegra). The significance of any of these interactions is unknown."

Source: Graedons' Guide to Grapefruit Interactions

See also attachement

Well with all the simple sugar in grape juice it certainly will be.


Is there something special in grapes that could aid mental energy? Probably not, at least I've never heard of it if there is.

thanks for the warning, The only drug I use that is in the interaction list is seroquel. I take seroquel sometimes when I can't sleep and I don't take too much so no problem for me about grape interactions.

[RoadToAwe]

Grapefruit is not grape fruit!

[brotherx]

Thanks for the hint

Edited by brotherx, 10 September 2008 - 03:31 PM.

[Traclo]

Wait, is this thread about grapes (juice or otherwise) or grapefruit? Because I eat one in abundance but the larger more sour one quite a bit less. So hearing some health benefits derived from grapes would be a random awesome bonus to a very delicious food.

[Ben]

Grapefruit is not grape fruit!

Does not =

Edited by Ben - Aus, 10 September 2008 - 11:33 PM.

[desperate788]

Grapefruit is not grape fruit!

Does not =

I'm talking about the second one

[Zoroaster]

Wait, is this thread about grapes (juice or otherwise) or grapefruit? Because I eat one in abundance but the larger more sour one quite a bit less. So hearing some health benefits derived from grapes would be a random awesome bonus to a very delicious food.

Are we talking about health benefits besides the obvious here? Red grape seeds and skins are packed full of antioxidents. And red grape skin contains everyone's BFF resveratrol! Not in huge amounts mind you but it can only help. So yes, there are quite a few health benefits to eating lots of grapes. Mental energy though? I don't know. If you talk to the hardcore resveratrol advocates they'll probably tell you that resveratrol gives them mental energy, but like I said you'd have to eat a whole lot of grapes. And I'm not sure there's been much testing in that area yet.

[desperate788]

what about strawberries? They are certainly good for mental health. Any other fruits that may specially help with mental fatigue?

[Ben]

what about strawberries? They are certainly good for mental health. Any other fruits that may specially help with mental fatigue?

Fruits are great for your health. Also anything with sugar in it will help you think, for a while.

[tlm884]

Its the simple sugars in the grape juice. The book "Your Brain At work" http://www.your-brain-at-work.com/ explains in the first chapter that the prefrontal cortex consumes huge amounts of glucose during tasks that require lots of thinking. I don't have the book infront of me and I am too lazy to get it at the moment. But the juice would just give the brain a fuel source.

[nito]

My uni sells cranberry juice, is this healthy? I have heard blue berries r good but they don't have this!

[BillyJeans]

Wait, is this thread about grapes (juice or otherwise) or grapefruit? Because I eat one in abundance but the larger more sour one quite a bit less. So hearing some health benefits derived from grapes would be a random awesome bonus to a very delicious food.

 

I also got confused if it's grapes or grapefruit.

[gamesguru]

Grape juice carries almost all of the health benefits of wine.  Some of the polyphenols may be lost along with the sugars to aldehydes and alcohols, but in moderation the alcohol is actually healthy.. the first drink is known to alleviate diabetic load and pre-prime hippocampal plasticity.

 

You can get a lot of the same benefits from a pycnogenol or GSE pill.  Of course one glass of grape juice a day subsituted for one water is no problem.  Probably even better if you did grapefruit/naval orange juice mixed together.  I think the citrus flavonoids (naringin and hesperidin) are more noteworthy in terms of brain health than the anthocyanins in grapes and blueberries.   The anthocyanins (btw epicatechin in tea is two of these molecules bonded together) are more effective in cases of dementia or oxidative stress than say ADHD or parkinsons.  The naringin really shines in dopamine regions (hence the adhd/parkinsons) and the hesperidin on the other hand is mostly circulatory... you can find a multitude of studies on oranges and heart health, a lot more than immune health    The citrus ones also stimulate metabolic, growth pathways (.  So they might increase healing rates and reduce mental fatigue.

Edited by gamesguru, 23 March 2017 - 01:45 PM.

[normalizing]

grape juice and red wine are like night and day in differences. the fermentation process that takes place creates so many new molecules, your head will spin. second, wine aged in OAK, it creates even further complexes that are unheard of in nature as of yet.

 

https://en.wikipedia...from_oak_ageing

 

some of the hundreds of polyphenols produced in wine; https://en.wikipedia...s_found_in_wine most are still being assembled it seems

 

anyway, it would probably take another 100 years people to figure out all the stuff that goes in the wine process, but i doubt people will care by then, pills will be the style