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Oral Glutathione Study

glutathione

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#1 ta5

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Posted 02 June 2014 - 12:13 AM


A new study on oral glutathione:

 

J Agric Food Chem. 2014 May 30.
Park EY, Shimura N, Konishi T, Sauchi Y, Wada S, Aoi W, Nakamura Y, Sato K.
The present study examined the impact of the supplementation of glutathione (GSH), γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, on human blood GSH levels. Healthy human volunteers were orally supplemented with GSH (50 mg/kg body weight). Venous blood was collected from the cubital vein before and after ingestion. Plasma was mixed with 3 volumes of ethanol. The supernatant and precipitate were used for the deproteinized and protein fractions of plasma, respectively. Blood cell and plasma fractions were pretreated with 5% trichloroacetic acid-2% 2-mercaptoethanol to reduce the oxidized form of GSH and liberate protein-bound GSH. The 2-mercaptoethanol-pretreated GSH was determined by precolumn derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxy succinimidyl carbamate and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. There was no significant difference in GSH contents in the deproteinized fraction of plasma and blood cell fraction after GSH ingestion. However, the GSH contents in the protein-bound fraction of plasma significantly (P < 0.01) increased from 60 to 120 min after GSH supplementation.
PMID: 24877771
 
From the full text:
...Witschi et al. (1992) have observed no increase in plasma GSH levels after a single oral supplementation of GSH to healthy human volunteers at 0.15 mmol/kg body weight.17 The present study confirmed these results [Figure 5(a) and (b)]. Based on these results, it has been suggested that the oral supplementation of GSH does not affect blood GSH levels.
 
It has been demonstrated that plasma proteins, including albumin, can bind to low molecular weight thiol-compounds through a disulfide bond.21,22 Therefore, there is the possibility that supplemented GSH may be transported as a conjugate of protein in the blood, and this has not been examined. In the present study, the effects of the supplementation of GSH on plasma protein-bound GSH levels were examined...
 
...The present study also demonstrated that only a negligible amount of GSH was bound to plasma protein before the supplementation of GSH. However, the protein-bound GSH significantly (P < 0.01) increased from 60 to 120 min after the oral supplementation of GSH. This is the first report to demonstrate an increase in GSH in the human blood fraction by the oral supplementation of GSH. The protein bound form GSH level in plasma after supplementation of GSH is much higher (>1000 times) than other food-derived peptides such as Val-Tyr 25 and Ile-Pro-Pro 26, but less than the food-derived collagen peptides in human blood. 
 
It has been thought that orally administered GSH is successively degraded to cysteinyl-glycine, cysteine, and glycine by γ-glutamyl-transferase and peptidase.17,28,29 Cysteine could be used for GSH synthesis in cells. Increased levels of protein-bound GSH might be derived from the newly synthesized GSH. The present study also detected fragment peptide (Cys-Gly) and precursor peptide (γGlu-Cys) as protein-bound form in human blood, which suggests some GSH is synthesized from degradation products of GSH.
 
However, an early study by Kubo (1968) that used 35S-labeled GSH and paper electrophoresis has suggested that GSH could be directly absorbed from the small intestine into rat portal blood.30 Therefore, there is a possibility that supplemented GSH is directly absorbed into human blood and bound to plasma protein. To solve these problems, further studies on the metabolic fate of supplemented GSH that use 13C-labeled GSH are in progress...

 

And, this was another study from earlier in the month:

 

Richie JP Jr1, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, Calcagnotto A, Haley JS, Schell TD, Muscat JE.
Eur J Nutr. 2014 May 5.
PMID: 24791752

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#2 Chupo

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Posted 24 December 2014 - 02:12 PM

The second study:

 

 

 

PURPOSE:

Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant endogenous antioxidant, is a critical regulator of oxidative stress and immune function. While oral GSH has been shown to be bioavailable in laboratory animal models, its efficacy in humans has not been established. Our objective was to determine the long-term effectiveness of oral GSH supplementation on body stores of GSH in healthy adults.

METHODS:

A 6-month randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of oral GSH (250 or 1,000 mg/day) on GSH levels in blood, erythrocytes, plasma, lymphocytes and exfoliated buccal mucosal cells was conducted in 54 non-smoking adults. Secondary outcomes on a subset of subjects included a battery of immune markers.

RESULTS:

GSH levels in blood increased after 1, 3 and 6 months versus baseline at both doses. At 6 months, mean GSH levels increased 30-35 % in erythrocytes, plasma and lymphocytes and 260 % in buccal cells in the high-dose group (P < 0.05). GSH levels increased 17 and 29 % in blood and erythrocytes, respectively, in the low-dose group (P < 0.05). In most cases, the increases were dose and time dependent, and levels returned to baseline after a 1-month washout period. A reduction in oxidative stress in both GSH dose groups was indicated by decreases in the oxidized to reduced glutathione ratio in whole blood after 6 months. Natural killer cytotoxicity increased >twofold in the high-dose group versus placebo (P < 0.05) at 3 months.

CONCLUSIONS:

These findings show, for the first time, that daily consumption of GSH supplements was effective at increasing body compartment stores of GSH.

 

 

It looks like we don't break it down then... or at least we re-assemble it after breaking it down and absorbing it.



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#3 Kevnzworld

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Posted 25 December 2014 - 12:11 AM

The second study:


PURPOSE:
Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant endogenous antioxidant, is a critical regulator of oxidative stress and immune function. While oral GSH has been shown to be bioavailable in laboratory animal models, its efficacy in humans has not been established. Our objective was to determine the long-term effectiveness of oral GSH supplementation on body stores of GSH in healthy adults. METHODS:
A 6-month randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of oral GSH (250 or 1,000 mg/day) on GSH levels in blood, erythrocytes, plasma, lymphocytes and exfoliated buccal mucosal cells was conducted in 54 non-smoking adults. Secondary outcomes on a subset of subjects included a battery of immune markers. RESULTS:
GSH levels in blood increased after 1, 3 and 6 months versus baseline at both doses. At 6 months, mean GSH levels increased 30-35 % in erythrocytes, plasma and lymphocytes and 260 % in buccal cells in the high-dose group (P < 0.05). GSH levels increased 17 and 29 % in blood and erythrocytes, respectively, in the low-dose group (P < 0.05). In most cases, the increases were dose and time dependent, and levels returned to baseline after a 1-month washout period. A reduction in oxidative stress in both GSH dose groups was indicated by decreases in the oxidized to reduced glutathione ratio in whole blood after 6 months. Natural killer cytotoxicity increased >twofold in the high-dose group versus placebo (P < 0.05) at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS:
These findings show, for the first time, that daily consumption of GSH supplements was effective at increasing body compartment stores of GSH.



It looks like we don't break it down then... or at least we re-assemble it after breaking it down and absorbing it.

Do you have a link to the study? I would like to know what form of GSH was used.

#4 Chupo

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Posted 25 December 2014 - 01:26 AM


Do you have a link to the study? I would like to know what form of GSH was used.

 

 

It was the second study in the original post:

 

 

Richie JP Jr1, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, Calcagnotto A, Haley JS, Schell TD, Muscat JE.
Eur J Nutr. 2014 May 5.
PMID: 24791752

 



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#5 ta5

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Posted 11 April 2015 - 04:07 PM

I didn't find this study posted on longecity.

 

J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Oct 1;62(39):9499-506.

Kovacs-Nolan J1, Rupa P, Matsui T, et al.
Department of Food Science, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
Glutathione (GSH) is the most prevalent low-molecular-weight thiol in mammalian cells and is crucial for antioxidant defense, nutrient metabolism, and the regulation of pathways essential for whole body homeostasis. GSH transport systems have been identified in the membranes of various tissues and organs, including the small intestine. However, little is known regarding GSH transport across intestinal epithelial cells. The current in vitro and ex vivo uptake study of GSH demonstrated that intact GSH can be transported across intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting that GSH uptake is not proton-dependent. It would appear that the initial uptake of GSH into cells is a rapid process. Furthermore, the visualized GSH after 60 min of transport by MALDI-MS imaging showed localization of intact GSH inside the intestinal wall. In vivo study found that ingested (13)C-GSH was rapidly converted to GSSG and accumulated in red blood cells and liver, but was little present in plasma. The ingested GSH has potent nutraceutical benefits for human health to improve oxidative stress and defense in human.
PMID: 25198144

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