5 replies to this topic

[Kalliste]

Well this does not seem surprising.

 

 

Abstract

Objective To examine whether high milk consumption is associated with mortality and fractures in women and men.

Design Cohort studies.

Setting Three counties in central Sweden.

Participants Two large Swedish cohorts, one with 61 433 women (39-74 years at baseline 1987-90) and one with 45 339 men (45-79 years at baseline 1997), were administered food frequency questionnaires. The women responded to a second food frequency questionnaire in 1997.

Main outcome measure Multivariable survival models were applied to determine the association between milk consumption and time to mortality or fracture.

Results During a mean follow-up of 20.1 years, 15 541 women died and 17 252 had a fracture, of whom 4259 had a hip fracture. In the male cohort with a mean follow-up of 11.2 years, 10 112 men died and 5066 had a fracture, with 1166 hip fracture cases. In women the adjusted mortality hazard ratio for three or more glasses of milk a day compared with less than one glass a day was 1.93 (95% confidence interval 1.80 to 2.06). For every glass of milk, the adjusted hazard ratio of all cause mortality was 1.15 (1.13 to 1.17) in women and 1.03 (1.01 to 1.04) in men. For every glass of milk in women no reduction was observed in fracture risk with higher milk consumption for any fracture (1.02, 1.00 to 1.04) or for hip fracture (1.09, 1.05 to 1.13). The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios in men were 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) and 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07). In subsamples of two additional cohorts, one in males and one in females, a positive association was seen between milk intake and both urine 8-iso-PGF2α (a biomarker of oxidative stress) and serum interleukin 6 (a main inflammatory biomarker).

Conclusions High milk intake was associated with higher mortality in one cohort of women and in another cohort of men, and with higher fracture incidence in women. Given the observational study designs with the inherent possibility of residual confounding and reverse causation phenomena, a cautious interpretation of the results is recommended.

 

http://www.bmj.com/c...t/349/bmj.g6015

[Darryl]

The most interesting thing to me is how the authors suggest its due to D-galactose exposure, which increases inflammation, oxidative stress, and models aging in mice. I hadn't been acutely aware of the hundreds of papers using D-galactose as an aging mimetic.

 

 

[Kalliste]

I will oversee my intake of milk, especially with regards to those papers Darryl!

[Hebbeh]

And now the rest of the story.....

 

http://suppversity.b...veryone-is.html

[Ark]

http://www.washingto...es-or-the-body/

[Darryl]

Well, I can now safely ignore Suppversity forever. Pretty terrible set of cherry picked references. The truth is most past studies show little benefit or harm for dairy in overall mortality. This is the best past meta:

 

Soedamah-Muthu, S. S., Ding, E. L., Al-Delaimy, W. K., Hu, F. B., Engberink, M. F., Willett, W. C., & Geleijnse, J. M. (2011). Milk and dairy consumption and incidence of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 93(1), 158-171.

 

From my other readings, overall dairy consumption offers considerably reduced risk for colon cancer, modestly reduced risk of hemorrhagic stroke, modestly increased risk for coronary heart disease, and significantly increased risk for mostly late-life cancers like prostate. My sense is there would likely be a net benefit if dairy milk is replacing sugar sweetened drinks, and harm if its replacing healthier beverages like tea or filtered coffee.

 

The new Uppsala study is interesting in that its among the first studies to report all-cause mortality and also distinguish between fermented and non-fermented dairy product intake, with a significant adverse effect for the non-fermented dairy. Two recent studies which found similar sized benefits for fermented dairy, and either no-effect or harm for non-fermented dairy are:

 

Goldbohm, R. A., Chorus, A. M., Garre, F. G., Schouten, L. J., & van den Brandt, P. A. (2011). Dairy consumption and 10-y total and cardiovascular mortality: a prospective cohort study in the Netherlands. The American journal of clinical nutrition, ajcn-000430.

Soedamah-Muthu, S. S., Masset, G., Verberne, L., Geleijnse, J. M., & Brunner, E. J. (2013). Consumption of dairy products and associations with incident diabetes, CHD and mortality in the Whitehall II study. British Journal of Nutrition, 109(04), 718-726.

 

Running counter to the Uppsala galactose→oxidative stress interpretation, there is one prior human trial of fermented vs. non-fermented dairy products reporting another F2 isoprostane marker of oxidative stress, which found no effect. However this was in overweight (avg BMI 30) adults, who have plenty of baseline oxidative stress from the adipose/inflammation axis. I'd like to see a crossover trial in healthy "normal" weight adults with a focus on markers of oxidative stress.

 

Nestel, P. J., Mellett, N., Pally, S., Wong, G., Barlow, C. K., Croft, K., ... & Meikle, P. J. (2013). Effects of low-fat or full-fat fermented and non-fermented dairy foods on selected cardiovascular biomarkers in overweight adults. British Journal of Nutrition, 110(12), 2242-2249.

 

There's only one study with large enough cohorts of similarly health conscious vegans and lactoovovegetarians to offer a sense for how abstention from milk (& eggs) may effect mortality risk. Adjusted hazard ratio for all cause mortality:

 

Vegans 0.85 (0.73-1.01)

Lacto-ovo–vegetarians, 0.91 (0.82-1.00)

Pesco-vegetarians: 0.81 (0.69-0.94)

Nonvegetarians: 1.00

 

Hopefully the continuing followup will narrow the confidence intervals. Pesco-vegetarians, currently in the "lead", are permitted dairy products. From:

 

Orlich, M. J., Singh, P. N., Sabaté, J., Jaceldo-Siegl, K., Fan, J., Knutsen, S., ... & Fraser, G. E. (2013). Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA internal medicine, 173(13), 1230-1238.

 

 

Edited by Darryl, 01 November 2014 - 10:08 PM.