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C60 Fullerenes in Nature

c60 nature buckmisterster c60

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#1 Walter Derzko

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Posted 25 January 2015 - 12:48 AM


Fullerenes in Nature

Fullerenes are created from soot and pollution naturally every time there is a lightening bolt somewhere on earth, so it’s not unusual to find it ubiquitously in nature. It’s amazing they can measure C60 in femtogram levels or parts-per-quadrillion

Walter Derzko

Here are two examples

Anal Bioanal Chem. 2014 Nov 18.
Nanoparticle tracking analysis characterisation and parts-per-quadrillion determination of fullerenes in river samples from Barcelona catchment area.
Sanchís J1, Bosch-Orea C, Farré M, Barceló D.
Author information
• 1Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/JordiGirona, 18-26, 08911, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Abstract
In the present work, the analysis of seven fullerenes (C60 and C70 fullerenes and five functionalised fullerenes) has been performed in river samples collected in the vicinities of Barcelona (Catalonia, NE of Spain). The results of 48 samples (25 river waters, 12 river sediments and 11 wastewater effluents) are presented. Extracts of river water, river sediments and wastewater effluents were analysed by liquid chromatography (LC), using a pyrenylpropyl group bonded silica based column, coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS), using a dual ion source, atmospheric pressure photoionisation/atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation source (APPI/APCI). The novel methodology presents good chromatographic separation, excellent selectivity and instrumental limits of quantification (ILOQ) in the femtogram order. Method limits of quantification (MLOQ) ranged from 2.9 to 17 pg/l and from 3.2 to 31 pg/l in surface waters and wastewaters, respectively. In wastewater effluents, the sums of C60 and C70 ranged from 0.5 to 9.3 ng/l. In surface waters, C60 fullerene was the most ubiquitous compound, being detected in 100 % of the samples in concentrations from 31 pg/l to 4.5 ng/l, while C70 concentrations ranged from less than the method limits of detection (MLOD) to 1.5 ng/l. The presence of fullerenes in both the large particulate (diameter Ø > 450 nm) and the colloidal (Ø < 450 nm) fractions of surface waters should be noticed. In sediments, the concentrations of fullerenes were between the MLOD and 34.4 pg/g. In addition, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was used for the characterisation of water samples in terms of nanoparticle number concentration and size distribution. As far as our knowledge is concerned, this is the first time that NTA has been used for the characterisation of complex river waters with an environmental focus.
PMID:
25404164
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/25404164


and an older 2007 story, that never realised its potential

#925 PRODUCTION OF FULLERENES FROM MOLASSES
Kaman Singh and Ram Bharose, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
On account of their diverse applications, fullerenes will be required in large quantities. Such quantities so far have been produced by heating or arching of graphite. However, graphite is expensive, costing $ 1,000-5,000 per tonne. Pang et al. (1991) have prepared gram quantities of fullerenes from coal derived coke, but the coke costs about $ 500 per tonne. Commercial preparation of fullerenes from relatively cheap and abundant sources, hence, is desirable. Fullerenes were discovered from commercially available material; molasses; a byproduct of sugar industry and patent filed. Hence, a new term “MOLASSESENES” has been coined by the authors to acknowledge the potential importance of the molasses in the commercial production of fullerenes with tremendous potentialities across the fields from high tech to nanotech, electronics to catalysts and from defence to medicine. Furthermore, production of fullerene from molasses would be more than 90 times cheaper than produced from graphite. The current price of C60 is very roughly the price of gold, for C70, it is about an order of magnitude larger, and that of higher fullerenes very much higher. With the present cost of molasses about $ 1-2 per tonne, its use as an industrial source of fullerenes would greatly improve the economics of production. Hence, a waste molasses may be a boon for sugar industry. Thus, it could be major breakthrough for the sugar industry in the commercial production of fullerenes

http://sucrose.com/sit/2007.html#925
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#2 niner

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Posted 25 January 2015 - 10:56 PM

Why do they call it parts per quadrillion when the MLOD is picograms?  If you ask me, this is a parts per trillion method.  Isn't ILOQ kind of a technicality?  As for molassesenes, something tells me that the cost of fullerenes is determined by a lot more than the very raw feedstock.  How much processing does the molasses require in order to produce fullerenes?  I would expect a lot.



Click HERE to rent this advertising spot for C60 HEALTH to support Longecity (this will replace the google ad above).

#3 Walter Derzko

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Posted 26 January 2015 - 12:11 AM

and how much you get C60 vs C70 vs C80 etc and separation /purification costs

#4 Logic

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Posted 23 February 2015 - 07:05 PM

How to make your own C60HYFN by bcelliott - Ph.D. on fullerenes:

The method is fairly straightforward, though you need a horn ultrasonicator for best results. Without getting into the nitty gritty details, a layer of low to medium concentrated filtered C60-toluene solution is layered on top of a much larger volume of water, and directly sonicated near the interface for several hours while controlling the temperature. The sonic energy should not be too high or you'll lose too much product to a hard-to-separate emulsion. You can either wait until the toluene evaporates or use a separation funnel to recover the aqueous portion, which is yellow. Then you filter, concentrate as you wish, and filter again. If done correctly, the solution should be yellow and transparent, since most of the product will be tiny clusters of water-complexed C60 from 1-3 molecules, with a small percentage as larger clusters. The THF method (which is the only one to show toxic effects in organisms) and other methods such as direct mixing into water yield much larger clusters from 30-200 nm in size. The sonication from toluene method seems to be the best to produce bioavailable, non-toxic product since the single fullerenes are already fully solvated by toluene at relatively low concentrations in that solvent, and the sonic energy simply exchanges the solvent for water.

Buying second-hand lab equipment to make this product is far less expensive than buying it from Ukraine! It is a lot more work than C60-OO, however, and what remains to be seen is if there are advantages to the HyFn when compared with the oil-solubilized version.
http://www.longecity...fullerene-hyfn/


A cheap sonicator:
http://www.artisticd....com/ulfog.html


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