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11,589 paper
http://www.ncbi.nlm.... micronutrientsDiabetes, essential and trace minerals, cofactors, caloric restriction and C60
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Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol
E. L. Lim & K. G. Hollingsworth & B. S. Aribisala & M. J. Chen & J. C. Mathers & R. Taylor
Received: 22 March 2011 /Accepted: 5 May 2011 # The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract
Aims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes is regarded as inevitably progressive, with irreversible beta cell failure. The hypothesis was tested that both beta cell failure and insulin resistance can be reversed by dietary restriction of energy intake.
Methods
Eleven people with type 2 diabetes (49.5± 2.5 years, BMI 33.6±1.2 kg/m2, nine male and two female) were studied before and after 1, 4 and 8 weeks of a 2.5 MJ (600 kcal)/day diet. Basal hepatic glucose output, hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity and beta cell function were measured. Pancreas and liver triacylglycerol content was measured using three-point Dixon magnetic resonance imaging. An age-, sex- and weight-matched group of eight non-diabetic participants was studied. Results After 1 week of restricted energy intake, fasting plasma glucose normalised in the diabetic group (from 9.2± 0.4 to 5.9±0.4 mmol/l; p=0.003). Insulin suppression of hepatic glucose output improved from 43±4% to 74±5% (p= 0.003 vs baseline; controls 68±5%). Hepatic triacylglycerol content fell from 12.8±2.4% in the diabetic group to 2.9± 0.2% by week 8 (p=0.003). The first-phase insulin response increased during the study period (0.19±0.02 to 0.46± 0.07 nmol min−1 m−2; p<0.001) and approached control values (0.62±0.15 nmol min−1 m−2; p=0.42). Maximal insulin response became supranormal at 8 weeks (1.37± 0.27 vs controls 1.15±0.18 nmol min−1 m−2). Pancreatic triacylglycerol decreased from 8.0±1.6% to 6.2±1.1% (p=0.03).
Conclusions/interpretation
Normalisation of both beta cell function and hepatic insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes was achieved by dietary energy restriction alone. This was associated with decreased pancreatic and liver triacylglycerol stores. The abnormalities underlying type 2 diabetes are reversible by reducing dietary energy intake.
Keywords Insulin secretion. Liver fat. Low energy diet. Pancreatic fat. Type 2 diabetes
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Treat Endocrinol. 2004;3(1):41-52.
The role of antioxidant micronutrients in the prevention of diabetic complications.
Bonnefont-Rousselot D1.
Author information
• 1Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Clinique (EA 3617), Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France. dominique.rousselot@psl.ap-hop-paris.fr
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species and a reduction in antioxidant defenses. This leads to oxidative stress, which is partly responsible for diabetic complications. Tight glycemic control is the most effective way of preventing or decreasing these complications. Nevertheless, antioxidant micronutrients can be proposed as adjunctive therapy in patients with diabetes. Indeed, some minerals and vitamins are able to indirectly participate in the reduction of oxidative stress in diabetic patients by improving glycemic control and/or are able to exert antioxidant activity. This article reviews the use of minerals (vanadium, chromium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper) and vitamins or cofactors (tocopherol [vitamin E], ascorbic acid [vitamin C], ubidecarenone [ubiquinone; coenzyme Q], nicotinamide, riboflavin, thioctic acid [lipoic acid], flavonoids) in diabetes, with a particular focus on the prevention of diabetic complications. Results show that dietary supplementation with micronutrients may be a complement to classical therapies for preventing and treating diabetic complications. Supplementation is expected to be more effective when a deficiency in these micronutrients exists. Nevertheless, many clinical studies have reported beneficial effects in individuals without deficiencies, although several of these studies were short term and had small sample sizes. However, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial showed that thioctic acid at an oral dosage of 800 mg/day for 4 months significantly improved cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Above all, individuals with diabetes should be educated about the importance of consuming adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals from natural food sources, within the constraints of recommended sugar and carbohydrate intake.
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Oxidative stress, micronutrients, diabetes mellitus and its complications
The Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health; March 2002, 122 (1), pp. 28-34
ECOpara
Emmanuel C Opara, MSc, PhD, Associate Research Professor, Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA Email: opara001@mc.duke.edu Corresponding author: Emmanuel C Opara, Box 3065, Duke University Medical Center (as above) Received 18 October 2000, revised and accepted 2February 2001
Key words Antioxidants; diabetes mellitus (DM); diabetic complications; oxidative stress
Abstract
Oxidative stress is defined as excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of diminished antioxidant substances. It has been shown that oxidative stress has an adverse effect on glucose metabolism. Development of the disabling chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) has also been attributed to oxidative stress. The bodys defence against oxidative stress is accomplished by interconnecting systems of antioxidant micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and enzymes. While the vitamins act as donors and acceptors of ROS, minerals regulate activity of the enzymes. This review article is focused on the preventive and therapeutic roles of these antioxidant micronutrients in DM. Although there is scarcity of data from controlled studies, anecdotal reports indicate that the use of certain antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements may be beneficial as an adjunct therapy in the management of DM and its complications. In particular, it has been reported that high doses of single micronutrient antioxidant supplements, such as vitamin E, may be beneficial to patients suffering from this disease. However, micronutrient antioxidants interact with each other in a biochemical chain of defence against free radicals, and the use of high doses of a single antioxidant poses potential risks because it could perturb the antioxidant-prooxidant balance. It has, therefore, been recommended that high doses of micronutrient antioxidant vitamins should be administered in combination rather than as single supplements. There are a growing number of preparations containing mixtures of antioxidant vitamins and/or trace elements. A particularly impressive supplement is a new formula called Akesis, which is a mixture of antioxidant vitamins and antidiabetic trace elements, adequately balanced with other vitamins and minerals that enhance metabolic processes.
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Toxicology. 2011 Apr 11;282(3):69-81. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.12.003. Epub 2010 Dec 14.
Protective effects of nanostructures of hydrated C(60) fullerene on reproductive function in streptozotocin-diabetic male rats.
Bal R1, Türk G, Tuzcu M, Yilmaz O, Ozercan I, Kuloglu T, Gür S, Nedzvetsky VS, Tykhomyrov AA, Andrievsky GV, Baydas G, Naziroglu M.
Author information
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a well-recognized cause of male sexual dysfunction and impairments of male fertility. Streptozotocin (STZ) is used for medical treatment of neoplastic islet β-cells of pancreas and producing of animal model of diabetes mellitus type 1 that is characterized by suppression of reproductive activity due to the hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and histopathological alterations in testes. Seeking for the agents that could alleviate diabetes-induced damage to reproductive system is yet the important area of inquiry. The present study was designed to evaluate whether hydrated C(60) fullerene (C(60)HyFn), which is known to be powerful bioantioxidant, eliminate testicular dysfunction induced by STZ-diabetes in rats. Wistar strain male albino rats were divided into four groups of six animals each: (1) control group, (2) C(60)HyFn-treated nondiabetic group, (3) STZ-diabetic group and (4) C(60)HyFn-treated diabetic group. Once hyperglycaemia was induced by STZ, rats in the second and fourth groups were treated with C(60)HyFn (in the form of drinking water) at the dose of 4μg/kg daily for 5 weeks. In diabetic rats, relative weights of right cauda epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, sperm motility and epididymal sperm concentration were significantly less than those of control group, but which were restored in the fourth group treated with C(60)HyFn (p<0.001). In hematoxylin and eosin staining, marked histopathological changes including degeneration, desquamation, disorganisation and reduction in germinal cells, interstitial oedema and congestion were evident in the testis of diabetic rats, but C(60)HyFn treatment resulted in recovery of histopathological changes and an increase in Johnsen's testicular score significantly (p<0.001). C(60)HyFn treatment restores the increased apoptosis induced by STZ-diabetes. In diabetic rats, levels of serum testosterone, testicular reduced glutathione (GSH) and alpha-tocopherol were significantly reduced and testicular lipid peroxidation level was increased (p<0.001). Nevertheless, treatment of diabetic rats with C(60)HyFn resulted in significant corrective effects on these parameters towards the control levels. C(60)HyFn, applied alone, did not exert any toxic effects in testicular tissues. Furthermore, C(60)HyFn treatment in diabetic and nondiabetic rats resulted in considerable elevations of some important polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, we have presented for the first time substantial evidence that administration of C(60)HyFn significantly reduces diabetes-induced oxidative stress and associated complications such as testicular dysfunction and spermatogenic disruption.
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Edited by Walter Derzko, 06 May 2015 - 04:45 AM.
