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As described herein, the provision of nicotinamide riboside (NR) in the diet of female mice resulted in 1) a near total elimination of weight gain over the gestational and post- gestational interval; 2) a significant increase in the amount of milk produced by lactating females; 3) leaner body mass of neonates at the time of weaning; 4) larger brain mass of neonates at the time of weaning; 5) greater physical activity of fasted neonates; and 6) correction of neonatal glycemic control from a slightly low level to an ideal level.
Specifically, as shown in Figure 1, females on NC gained nearly 15% of their body weight from the day of mating to the day of weaning, whereas females supplemented with NR were protected from this weight gain. Further, it was determined that at the time of weaning, NR-supplemented mothers tended to have lower body fat.
Figure 2 demonstrates that females supplemented with NR had a 2-3x increase in milk production. To determine the production of milk, we separated mothers were separated from pups for several hours and provided an injection of oxytocin on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 after partum. Milk was carefully collected by pipetting and the collected volume per mother was plotted. The galactogogue activity of NR was striking and entirely unexpected.
Figure 3 shows that mice raised by NR-supplemented mothers are leaner and tend toward larger brains at weaning. The improved body composition of mice from NR-supplemented mothers was entirely unexpected.
Figure 4 shows that mice raised by NR-supplemented mothers are better at maintaining glucose after an overnight fast. The mild hypoglycemia of mice on standard chow was not expected and the improvement in glycemic control by virtue of supplementing mothers was unexpected. EXAMPLE 2
A series of in vivo murine experiments were performed to evaluate whether maternally supplemented NR has the ability to improve maternal and neonatal health and development. Note that in these and subsequent experiments and as shown in Figure 5, NR was only provided to mouse mothers after they had given birth. As shown in Figures 6A-D, mothers supplemented with NR ate as least as much as non-supplemented mothers but lost significant weight, specifically in fat mass, while they maintained their lean mass. These data confirm that NR supplementation increases post-gestational weight loss and that NR supplementation can begin post-partum in order to have this effect.
