Does anyone know of a bulk source for CDP-Choline?
LongeCityAdvocacy & Research for Unlimited Lifespans
CDP-Choline
Started by
dish
, Nov 24 2004 11:28 PM
7 replies to this topic
#2
-
- Guest
- 1,207 posts
- -3 ₮
- Location:Arizona, Los Angles, San Diego, so many road
Posted 25 November 2004 - 02:05 AM
Does anyone know of a bulk source for CDP-Choline?
What kind of source? I know of one, but the price is $95.00 for 100 grams. The source is here.
A much better idea is to go with Alpha GPC at 2 grams per day at 50% purity; that has a much better price; further it comes from a reputable source in the US. Rizzer buys his from biosynergy; a US source.
#5
-
- Guest
- 1,207 posts
- -3 ₮
- Location:Arizona, Los Angles, San Diego, so many road
Posted 26 November 2004 - 12:02 AM
[quote]Chronic Treatment with a Precursor of Cellular Phosphatidylcholine Ameliorates Morphological and Behavioral Effects of Aging in the Rat Hippocampus
D CRESPO, M MEGIAS, C FERNANDEZ-VIADERO and R VERDUGA
ABSTRACT:
Normal aging is commonly associated with a decline in memory, mainly for that related with newly acquired information. The hippocampal formation (HF) is a brain region that has been implicated in this dysfunction. Within the HF there are several cellular types, such as pyramidal cells, granule neurons of the dentate gyrus, and astrocytes. CDP-choline is a well-known intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid essential for neuronal membrane preservation and function; thus, this compound would attenuate the process of neuronal aging. To test this, three groups of male mice were used in this study. An adult 12-month-old group (ACG), a 24-month-old (OCG), and an old experimental group (OEG) were administered orally a solution of CDP-choline (150 mg/kg per day) from 12 up to 24 months. Experimental observations suggest that CDP-choline has a positive effect on memory (reference errors were attenuated), and hippocampal morphology resembled that of younger animals.
RESULTS:
Our results revealed that the HF of the OCG animals showed some morphological characteristics of aging when compared to ACG animals. Those main features were a significant decrease in the number of NADPH-d neurons (P < .01) and a significant increase in the number of astrocytes (P < .01). In OEG animals, the number of NADPH-d positive neurons and astrocytes was not statistically different from those of the ACG animals.
The DG main feature on the OCG was the abundant presence of secondary lysosomes and nuclear inclusions (NI) on the hiliar region neurons. These NI were not noticeable in ACG animals. The neuronal preservation and mitochondrial morphology of the OEG was quite similar to the ACG. The morphometry of granular cells of the experimental group consisting of old anuimals was not statistically different when compared to old animals in the control group (83 vs. 88 µ2). The nucleolar area of the granular cells was smaller in OCG as compared to OEG and ACG animals.
The cognitive study showed that WM errors (WME) and RM errors (RME) were increased in the ACG when compared to OCG. The OEG performed their task faster than any other group (P < .05). Our results indicate that only reference memory errors could be significantly attenuated by administration of CDP-choline.
DISCUSSION
The term neuroprotection implies amelioration of neuronal degeneration upon normal aging and/or injury to the nervous system. A variety of agents have been studied and proposed as neuroprotective drugs.6 Among these molecules are NMDA receptor antagonists, free radical scavengers, and CDP-choline. There is some evidence that CDP-choline has a positive effect on memory and behavior, at least in the short term.1 Our observations suggest some improvement in the long term both at the microscopic and behavioral levels. Thus, CDP-choline acts as a neuroprotector in these experiments. [/quote]
Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly.
Fioravanti M, Yanagi M.
Department of Psychiatric Science and Psychological Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro, 5, Rome, ITALY, 00185.
BACKGROUND: CDP-choline is used in the treatment of disorders of a cerebrovascular nature. The many years of its presence in the clinical field have caused an evolution in dosage, method of administration, and selection criteria of patients to which the treatments was given. Modalities of the clinical studies, including length of observation, severity of disturbance, and methodology of evaluation of the results were also heterogeneous. In spite of uncertainties about its efficacy due to these complexities, CDP-choline is a frequently prescribed drug for cognitive impairment in several European countries, especially when the clinical picture is predominantly one of cerebrovascular disease, hence the need for this review. OBJECTIVES: The objective is to assess the efficacy of CDP-choline (cytidinediphosphocholine) in the treatment of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural deficits associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly. SEARCH STRATEGY: The trials were identified from a last updated search of the Specialized Register of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group on 20 January 2004 using the terms CDP-choline, CDP, citicolone, cytidine diphosphate choline or diphosphocholine. This register contains records from all major health care databases and many ongoing trials databases and is updated regularly. SELECTION CRITERIA: All relevant unconfounded, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials of CDP-choline for cognitive impairment due to chronic cerebral disorders are considered for inclusion in the review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently reviewed the included studies, extracted the data, and pooled it when appropriate and possible. The pooled odd ratios (95% CI) or the average differences (95% CI) were estimated. No intention-to-treat data were available from the studies included. MAIN RESULTS: Seven of the included studies observed the subjects for a period between 20 to 30 days, one study was of 6 weeks duration, 4 studies used cycles extending over 2 and 3 months and one study observed continuous administration over 3 months. The studies were heterogeneous in dose, inclusion criteria for subjects, and outcome measures. Results are reported for the domains of attention, memory testing, behavioural rating scales, global clinical impression and tolerability. There is no significant evidence of a beneficial effect of CDP-choline on attention. There are significant beneficial effects of CDP-choline on memory function and behaviour. The drug is well tolerated. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: There is some evidence that CDP Choline has a positive effect on memory and behaviour in at least the short/medium term. The evidence of benefit from global impression is stronger, but is still limited by the duration of the studies. Further research with CDP-choline should focus on longer term studies in subjects who have been diagnosed with currently accepted standardised criteria, especially vascular dementia.
Link
[quote name='http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9104933']J Neurotrauma. 1997 Mar;14(3):161-9. Related Articles, Links
Effects of CDP-choline treatment on neurobehavioral deficits after TBI and on hippocampal and neocortical acetylcholine release.
Dixon CE, Ma X, Marion DW.
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
The exogenous administration of cytidine-5'-diphosphate (CDP)-choline has been used extensively as a brain activator in different neurological disorders that are associated with memory deficits. A total of 50 rats were utilized to (a) determine whether exogenously administered CDP-choline could attenuate posttraumatic motor and spatial memory performance deficits and (b) determine whether intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of CDP-choline increases acetylcholine (ACh) release in the dorsal hippocampus and neocortex. In the behavioral study, traumatic brain injury (TBI) was produced by lateral controlled cortical impact (2-mm deformation/6 m/sec) and administered CDP-choline (100 mg/kg) or saline daily for 18 days beginning 1 day postinjury. At 1 day postinjury, rats treated with CDP-choline 15 min prior to assessment performed significantly better than saline-treated rats. Between 14-18 days postinjury, CDP-choline-treated rats had significantly less cognitive (Morris water maze performance) deficits that injured saline-treated rats. CDP-choline treatment also attenuated the TBI-induced increased sensitivity to the memory-disrupting effects of scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist. The microdialysis studies demonstrated for the first time that a single i.p. administration of CDP-choline can significantly increase extracellular levels of ACh in dorsal hippocampus and neocortex in normal, awake, freely moving rats. This article provides additional evidence that spatial memory performance deficits are, at least partially, associated with deficits in central cholinergic neurotransmission and that treatments that enhance ACh release in the chronic phase after TBI may attenuate cholinergic-dependent neurobehavioral deficits.[/quote]
D CRESPO, M MEGIAS, C FERNANDEZ-VIADERO and R VERDUGA
ABSTRACT:
Normal aging is commonly associated with a decline in memory, mainly for that related with newly acquired information. The hippocampal formation (HF) is a brain region that has been implicated in this dysfunction. Within the HF there are several cellular types, such as pyramidal cells, granule neurons of the dentate gyrus, and astrocytes. CDP-choline is a well-known intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid essential for neuronal membrane preservation and function; thus, this compound would attenuate the process of neuronal aging. To test this, three groups of male mice were used in this study. An adult 12-month-old group (ACG), a 24-month-old (OCG), and an old experimental group (OEG) were administered orally a solution of CDP-choline (150 mg/kg per day) from 12 up to 24 months. Experimental observations suggest that CDP-choline has a positive effect on memory (reference errors were attenuated), and hippocampal morphology resembled that of younger animals.
RESULTS:
Our results revealed that the HF of the OCG animals showed some morphological characteristics of aging when compared to ACG animals. Those main features were a significant decrease in the number of NADPH-d neurons (P < .01) and a significant increase in the number of astrocytes (P < .01). In OEG animals, the number of NADPH-d positive neurons and astrocytes was not statistically different from those of the ACG animals.
The DG main feature on the OCG was the abundant presence of secondary lysosomes and nuclear inclusions (NI) on the hiliar region neurons. These NI were not noticeable in ACG animals. The neuronal preservation and mitochondrial morphology of the OEG was quite similar to the ACG. The morphometry of granular cells of the experimental group consisting of old anuimals was not statistically different when compared to old animals in the control group (83 vs. 88 µ2). The nucleolar area of the granular cells was smaller in OCG as compared to OEG and ACG animals.
The cognitive study showed that WM errors (WME) and RM errors (RME) were increased in the ACG when compared to OCG. The OEG performed their task faster than any other group (P < .05). Our results indicate that only reference memory errors could be significantly attenuated by administration of CDP-choline.
DISCUSSION
The term neuroprotection implies amelioration of neuronal degeneration upon normal aging and/or injury to the nervous system. A variety of agents have been studied and proposed as neuroprotective drugs.6 Among these molecules are NMDA receptor antagonists, free radical scavengers, and CDP-choline. There is some evidence that CDP-choline has a positive effect on memory and behavior, at least in the short term.1 Our observations suggest some improvement in the long term both at the microscopic and behavioral levels. Thus, CDP-choline acts as a neuroprotector in these experiments. [/quote]
Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly.
Fioravanti M, Yanagi M.
Department of Psychiatric Science and Psychological Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro, 5, Rome, ITALY, 00185.
BACKGROUND: CDP-choline is used in the treatment of disorders of a cerebrovascular nature. The many years of its presence in the clinical field have caused an evolution in dosage, method of administration, and selection criteria of patients to which the treatments was given. Modalities of the clinical studies, including length of observation, severity of disturbance, and methodology of evaluation of the results were also heterogeneous. In spite of uncertainties about its efficacy due to these complexities, CDP-choline is a frequently prescribed drug for cognitive impairment in several European countries, especially when the clinical picture is predominantly one of cerebrovascular disease, hence the need for this review. OBJECTIVES: The objective is to assess the efficacy of CDP-choline (cytidinediphosphocholine) in the treatment of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural deficits associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly. SEARCH STRATEGY: The trials were identified from a last updated search of the Specialized Register of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group on 20 January 2004 using the terms CDP-choline, CDP, citicolone, cytidine diphosphate choline or diphosphocholine. This register contains records from all major health care databases and many ongoing trials databases and is updated regularly. SELECTION CRITERIA: All relevant unconfounded, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials of CDP-choline for cognitive impairment due to chronic cerebral disorders are considered for inclusion in the review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently reviewed the included studies, extracted the data, and pooled it when appropriate and possible. The pooled odd ratios (95% CI) or the average differences (95% CI) were estimated. No intention-to-treat data were available from the studies included. MAIN RESULTS: Seven of the included studies observed the subjects for a period between 20 to 30 days, one study was of 6 weeks duration, 4 studies used cycles extending over 2 and 3 months and one study observed continuous administration over 3 months. The studies were heterogeneous in dose, inclusion criteria for subjects, and outcome measures. Results are reported for the domains of attention, memory testing, behavioural rating scales, global clinical impression and tolerability. There is no significant evidence of a beneficial effect of CDP-choline on attention. There are significant beneficial effects of CDP-choline on memory function and behaviour. The drug is well tolerated. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: There is some evidence that CDP Choline has a positive effect on memory and behaviour in at least the short/medium term. The evidence of benefit from global impression is stronger, but is still limited by the duration of the studies. Further research with CDP-choline should focus on longer term studies in subjects who have been diagnosed with currently accepted standardised criteria, especially vascular dementia.
Link
[quote name='http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9104933']J Neurotrauma. 1997 Mar;14(3):161-9. Related Articles, Links
Effects of CDP-choline treatment on neurobehavioral deficits after TBI and on hippocampal and neocortical acetylcholine release.
Dixon CE, Ma X, Marion DW.
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
The exogenous administration of cytidine-5'-diphosphate (CDP)-choline has been used extensively as a brain activator in different neurological disorders that are associated with memory deficits. A total of 50 rats were utilized to (a) determine whether exogenously administered CDP-choline could attenuate posttraumatic motor and spatial memory performance deficits and (b) determine whether intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of CDP-choline increases acetylcholine (ACh) release in the dorsal hippocampus and neocortex. In the behavioral study, traumatic brain injury (TBI) was produced by lateral controlled cortical impact (2-mm deformation/6 m/sec) and administered CDP-choline (100 mg/kg) or saline daily for 18 days beginning 1 day postinjury. At 1 day postinjury, rats treated with CDP-choline 15 min prior to assessment performed significantly better than saline-treated rats. Between 14-18 days postinjury, CDP-choline-treated rats had significantly less cognitive (Morris water maze performance) deficits that injured saline-treated rats. CDP-choline treatment also attenuated the TBI-induced increased sensitivity to the memory-disrupting effects of scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist. The microdialysis studies demonstrated for the first time that a single i.p. administration of CDP-choline can significantly increase extracellular levels of ACh in dorsal hippocampus and neocortex in normal, awake, freely moving rats. This article provides additional evidence that spatial memory performance deficits are, at least partially, associated with deficits in central cholinergic neurotransmission and that treatments that enhance ACh release in the chronic phase after TBI may attenuate cholinergic-dependent neurobehavioral deficits.[/quote]
#6
-
- Guest
- 1,207 posts
- -3 ₮
- Location:Arizona, Los Angles, San Diego, so many road
Posted 26 November 2004 - 12:31 AM
Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Oct;14(8):593-605.
Effect of CDP-choline on learning and memory processes in rodents.
Petkov VD, Mosharrof AH, Kehayov R, Petkov VV, Konstantinova E, Getova D.
Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
The effects of cytidine (5') diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) on learning and memory were studied using conditioned reflex methods for passive avoidance and active avoidance with punishment reinforcement (step-through, step-down, shuttle box and maze), for active avoidance with alimentary reinforcement (staircase maze), and the Morris water maze. The majority of experiments involved comparative studies of the nootropic drugs meclofenoxate and/or piracetam. CDP-choline was administered orally, in some of the experiments also intraperitoneally, at doses of 10-500 mg/kg body weight once or twice daily for 5 or 7 days. In separate cases only single doses were administered. Trainings started one hour after the last dose of the drugs. Retention tests were given 3 h, 24 h, 7 days or 10 days after training. The results obtained with the different methods document CDP-choline's ability to improve learning and memory in rats and mice. No essential differences in the effects of CDP-choline were established upon oral and intraperitoneal administration of the drug. The learning- and memory-facilitating effects of CDP-choline were similar to those of meclofenoxate and piracetam. The results of the present study permit us to define CDP-choline as a substance capable of improving cognitive levels.
#7
-
- Guest
- 1,207 posts
- -3 ₮
- Location:Arizona, Los Angles, San Diego, so many road
Posted 26 November 2004 - 12:33 AM
Funct Neurol. 1992 Jul-Aug;7(4):275-81. Related Articles, Links
Effects of CDP-choline administration on receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in brain slices and neuronal cultures.
Canonico PL, Nicoletti F, Sortino MA, Aleppo G, Scapagnini U.
Institute of Pharmacology, University of Catania School of Medicine, Italy.
Repeated addition of CDP-choline (100 microM, once a day since the 2nd day of maturation in culture) to corticostriatal neurons led to an increased basal hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, as revealed by an enhanced formation of [3H]inositolmonophosphate ([3H]InsP) in the presence of 10 mM Li+. This increase was prevented by the muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine, or by tetrodotoxin, but not by other receptor antagonists, such as L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoate (L-AP4), prazosin or ketanserin. The increase in inositol phospholipid hydrolysis induced by repeated addition of CDP-choline was obliterated when cultures were incubated in the presence of the muscarinic receptor agonist, carbamylcholine. CDP-choline had no effect on inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in cultured cerebellar neurons, which are devoid of cholinergic cells. The basal hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids was also increased in hippocampal slices prepared from rats repeatedly injected with CDP-choline (200 mg/kg, i.p. for 15 days). As observed in cultured cortico-striatal neurons, this increase was prevented by atropine and was masked in the presence of carabamylcholine. Taken collectively, these data indicate that repeated exposure to exogenous CDP-choline increases polyphosphoinositide turnover, an effect that results from an increased availability of acetylcholine acting on muscarinic receptors.
#8
-
- Guest
- 1,207 posts
- -3 ₮
- Location:Arizona, Los Angles, San Diego, so many road
Posted 26 November 2004 - 12:35 AM
Brain Res Bull. 1993;31(5):485-9. Related Articles, Links
Effects of cytidine-diphosphocholine on acetylcholine-mediated behaviors in the rat.
Drago F, Mauceri F, Nardo L, Valerio C, Genazzani AA, Grassi M.
Institute of Pharmacology, University of Catania Medical School, Italy.
The phosphatidylcholine precursor, cytidine-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), was injected intraperitoneally (IP) at the dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg/day for 20 days to 24-month-old male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain that showed cognitive and motor deficits. The drug was also injected in animals with behavioral alterations induced pharmacologically with a single injection of the cholinergic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, with prenatal exposure to methylazoxymethanol (MAM rats), or with bilateral injections of kainic acid into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). Learning and memory capacity of the animals, studied with tests of active and passive avoidance behavior, was improved after treatment with CDP-choline in all experimental groups. An improvement in motor performance and coordination in the rotorod and open field tests was also observed in aged rats. These results indicate that this drug affects central mechanisms involved in cognitive behaviors, probably through a cholinergic action.
1 user(s) are reading this topic
0 members, 1 guests, 0 anonymous users
