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The Highest Regarded Nootropic in Traditional Chinese Medicine is...

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#1 Bateau

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Posted 30 July 2014 - 09:00 PM


Polygala tenuifolia!?

 

 

 

While doing some research on Pubmed I came across 3 studies which discussed the most frequently used nootropics in Traditional Chinese Medicine. The studies were fairly consistent with each other, in that they each mentioned the same 3-5 herbs.

 

 

 

Of the 110 different natural products identified, those most frequently cited for forgetfulness were Polygala tenuifolia, Poria cocos, and Acorus spp., all of which have been cited repeatedly over the past 1800 years and appear among the 31 herbs indexed in a modern pharmacopoeia.” [1]

 

 

“We encountered Acoris gramineus rhizome, Panax ginseng, Polygala tenuifolia and Poria cocos as the four most frequently used herbs as single/herbal mixtures that were associated with positive cognitive enhancing outcomes” [2]

 

 

And May et al., 2012 listed the 5 most frequently used herbs for age related dementia and memory impairment to be, in descending order; Polygala tenuifolia, Rehmannia glutinosa, Poria cocos, Panax ginseng and Acorus ssp. [3]

 

 

 

Now lets quickly examine those 5 mentioned herbs.

 

  1. Panax ginseng is already well known and discussed and it’s nootropic effects aren’t very significant and I will therefore not delve into it in this article. {Read more at Examine}

  2. Acorus is a genus of grass species that’s roots contain the chemical β-asarone, which is both the chemical responsible for the nootropic effects and a known carcinogen (cancer-causing molecule), and is therefore not fit for consumption.  {Read more at Examine}

  3. Poria cocos is a large woody “bulb” of an underground fungus, an energy and nutrient rich reserve. Almost all studies r.e. its nootropic potential are confounded with a variety of other herbs, since it’s usually tested in the context of its traditional use in TCM, where it is part of a variety of herbal blends. I was able to find only four studies where any aspect of P. cocos nootropic potential was tested by itself [5-8], and only one of those four had any significant results, where it was shown to promote LTP in vivo. [8]  {no Examine article as of yet}

  4. Rehmannia glutinosa is a small flowering plant whose roots are used medicinally. The majority of nootropic research is on the metabolite Catalpol, which appears to be quite neuroprotective [9-23] and has minor evidence for cognitive boosting potential in unhealthy states [24, 25]. However traditional use suggests catalpol is not the primary active component of Rehmannia. Traditional preparation is quite time and labor intensive and significantly diminishes catalpol content [26-28], traditionally prepared Rehmannia also shows nootropic potential [29-33], and traditional preparation has been shown to greatly improve other aspects of Rehmannia’s medicinal properties (hemorheological) [28] {no Examine article as of yet}

  5. Leaving us with Polygala tenuifolia, the actual reason for this article. {no Examine article as of yet}


(Interesting side note is that in all 5 of these herbs, the roots are the active part of the plant, with the exception of Poria cocos, which has no roots, but is also underground)

 

 

Now I’m actually quite surprised that I hadn’t heard of Polygala yet. First off, it has randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials on humans, both in young healthy adults [37] and the elderly (without cognitive decline) [38]. Both trials have shown it to be an effective nootropic, with a very reasonable daily dose of 300 mg (of patented extract, mind you), and in the trial with healthy young adults it was shown to be effective after four weeks, something even bacopa would have difficulty proving at that dose and duration.

 

 

 

Effects of BT-11 on memory in healthy humans

We previously reported that BT-11, the extract of dried roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow, had neuroprotective effects and improved scopolamine- and stress-induced amnesia in rats. It also blocked the activity of acetylcholinesterase and enhanced glucose utilization in the rat brain. Therefore, we examined whether BT-11 could enhance memory in healthy humans. This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of BT-11 in healthy adults. The participants were given capsules of BT-11 or placebo 3 times daily for 4 weeks. The Korean version of the California Verbal Learning Test (K-CVLT) and the Self-Ordered Pointing Test (SOPT) were used to assess verbal memory and working memory, respectively. The subjects in BT-11-treated group showed more significant increases in immediate recall on the K-CVLT than those in the placebo-treated group. In a comparison within each group, the subjects' scores on most subtests of the K-CVLT were significantly increased by both placebo and BT-11 treatment. Interestingly, the subjects' scores on the recognition subtest of the K-CVLT were significantly increased by BT-11 treatment but not by placebo treatment. Also, BT-11 treatment significantly reduced the number of errors on the SOPT, whereas placebo treatment did not. We are the first to show that BT-11 has memory-enhancing effects and may be a memory-enhancing drug in healthy adults
 

 

 

BT-11 is effective for enhancing cognitive functions in the elderly humans

Roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow have been used in humans for centuries because of its sedative effects. We previously reported that BT-11, extracted from the roots of the plant, improved memory impairments in rats, enhanced memory in normal humans, and inhibited acetylcholinesterase activities in vitro. The present study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison study to investigate whether BT-11 could enhance memory in the elderly humans. We used the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet (CERAD) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). In the elderly, the total CERAD scores were much more significantly increased in the BT-11-treated group (n=28) than in the placebo-treated group (n=25). Especially, the mean scores of word list recognition, constructional recall and praxis, and modified Boston naming test were markedly improved in BT-11-treated group than in placebo-treated group. In conclusion, BT-11 could enhance some cognitive functions including memory in the elderly humans and therefore may be used as nutraceuticals that provide health benefits, including disease prevention and/or treatment.

 

 

 

Animal data backs up the human trials, with improvements in memory in both young [39] and old healthy mice [40], with multiple active components, each showing promising nootropic potential by themselves, many with very very low active doses (THIS is a particular favorite of mine). Its also shown to have potent anti-depressant effects [4, 41-45], as well as anxiolytic and adaptogenic properties [46-50].

 

Its cognitive boosting mechanisms seem to primarily involve the NR2B> CaMKII (& ERK1/2) > CREB > BDNF pathway [51-55], which leads to enhanced synaptic plasticity and LTP [51-55]. Some of its other nootropic effects are probably mediated through increasing neural stem cells [56, 57], enhancing autophagy [58] while turning on cell survival genes (possibly through AMPK) [59], increasing brain antioxidant activity [60-62], and augmenting NMDAR control [51, 63]. Together these mechanisms, and potentially other mechanisms, provide Polygala with it's incredibly neuroprotective abilities. [64-82]

 

I mentioned Polygala tenuifolia to Kurtis Frank of Examine.com and even though he admitted that he was not as familiar with Polygala as he was with the other supplements he’s extensively researched, he agreed with my projection that Polygala is probably the 2nd most promising herbal nootropic currently, behind only Bacopa monnieri.

 

Since the patented BT-11 doesn’t seem to be available, I’m currently taking 50 drops daily of an alcohol-free extract of polygala. Ive been talking Polygala with several other herbal nootropics as well as my simplistic version of the Mr Happy Stack (citicoline & fish oil) and have noticed dramatic increases in procedural memory and tangible but less significant improvements and declarative memory.

 

 

 

 

References

 

1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23433049

2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303969

3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311547

4 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24520403

Poria cocos

5 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20099523

6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15351791

7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15500267

8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7655419

Rehmannia

9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17049947

10 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16269165

11 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20123001

12 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19635525

13 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19631247

14 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23550774

15 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18840519

16 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18573305

17 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18423111

18 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18281203

19 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18022141

20 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698178

21 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17512520

22 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22305339

23 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23612000

24 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17992998

25 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17078935

26 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24914291

27 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21532190

28 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8717282

29 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15658822

30 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21983027

31 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21876380

32 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24187876

33 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817566

34 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24584758

35 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16600621

36 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24570113

Polygala

37 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19429065

38 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19699261

39 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23499702

40 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744810

41 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20018220

42 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645779

43 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19726361

44 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20541923

45 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24614095

46 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645780

47 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11812522

48 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15305046

49 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19827305

50 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21585386

51 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23029109

52 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19684611 

53 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24877714

54 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24488601

55 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22286914

56 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18693285

57 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22179853 

58 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24248062

59 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21195155

60 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645784

61 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423642

62 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609361

63 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15481649

64 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18712849

65 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12725562

66 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21536104

67 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22759267

68 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946504

69 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208093

70 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308312

71 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15374606

72 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464827

73 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17827729

74 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437744

75 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256744

76 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21740104

77 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16989524

78 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12391609

79 http://astp.jst.go.jp/modules/search/DocumentDetail/0009-2363_30_6_Inhibitors%2Bof%2Bcyclic%2Badenosine%2Bmonophosphate%2Bphosphodiesterase%2Bin%2BPolygala%2Btenuifolia._N%252FA

80 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17329848

81 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23688946

82 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7655419


Edited by Bateau, 30 July 2014 - 09:57 PM.

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#2 komoku

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Posted 30 July 2014 - 09:58 PM

surprised i've never heard of this... trying to look for an online source to get it but chinese herbs seems to have it for $1/g of 5:1 extract. where did you get yours?



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#3 Bateau

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Posted 31 July 2014 - 12:02 AM

Found another study, making it four studies that mention it as the top nootropic in TCM

 

Traditional chinese medicine for senile dementia.

 

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a 3000 years' history of human use. A literature survey addressing traditional evidence from human studies was done, with key result that top 10 TCM herb ingredients including Poria cocos, Radix polygalae, Radix glycyrrhizae, Radix angelica sinensis, and Radix rehmanniae were prioritized for highest potential benefit to dementia intervention, related to the highest frequency of use in 236 formulae collected from 29 ancient Pharmacopoeias, ancient formula books, or historical archives on ancient renowned TCM doctors, over the past 10 centuries. Based on the history of use, there was strong clinical support that Radix polygalae is memory improving. Pharmacological investigation also indicated that all the five ingredients mentioned above can elicit memory-improving effects in vivo and in vitro via multiple mechanisms of action, covering estrogen-like, cholinergic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, neurogenetic, and anti-Aβ activities. Furthermore, 11 active principles were identified, including sinapic acid, tenuifolin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, glabridin, ferulic acid, Z-ligustilide, N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide, coniferyl ferulate and 11-angeloylsenkyunolide F, and catalpol. It can be concluded that TCM has a potential for complementary and alternative role in treating senile dementia. The scientific evidence is being continuously mined to back up the traditional medical wisdom.

 

 

and from the discussion

 

Based on the history of use, there is strong clinical support that Radix polygalae is memory improving since its efficacy has been demonstrated in elderly with mild cognitive decline [32, 33]. There is suggestive evidence that Poria cocos, Radix glycyrrhizae, Radix Angelica sinensis, or Radix rehmanniae are memory improving, though modern clinical reports concerning the four herbs are absent yet.

 


Edited by Bateau, 31 July 2014 - 12:03 AM.

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#4 unregistered_user

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Posted 31 July 2014 - 01:36 AM

I found this extract on Amazon: 

 

http://smile.amazon....a-no-redirect=1



#5 Bateau

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Posted 31 July 2014 - 05:40 PM

 Now there's an Examine page for Polygala tenuifolia. :)

 

Hopefully now we can get some more interest in this herb. Really surprised nobody is providing the patented extract commercially, probably because nobody's buying it because nobody's heard of it.

 

 

 

P.S. Anyone that would try to call BS on my article, since it mentions that Examine didn't have a page for Polygala at the time, please note on the bottom of the Polygala Examine page where it says "Page Last Updated".



#6 Flex

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Posted 31 July 2014 - 09:58 PM

I have tried Polygala and Rhemannia.

 

Firstly, It should be clear that there is seemingly no panacea.

So for my Cannabis head related cognition, I´ve found Cerebrolysin more helpful.

But as said, I guess it depends a bit on the cause, whats the best fitting compound and I´m not saying that the two werent helpful.

 

I have to add that Rehmannia does increase c-fos and thinns the Blood via thromboxane and/or ADP. As far as I remeber similair to Plavix.

Therefore I was allways a bit scared* to dont thinn the blood too much and didnt took it often enough to experience any changes

*.. Well I´m a bit hypochondric. But saw actually a thinning effect.

 

Polygala was interresting because since I´ve started Weed from the age of 15 to ca. 27, I cant fell in Love.

Polygala let me felt this a bit, in combination with Weed.

Btw it is used as an antipsychotic in Korea.

 

P.S.: Very nice thread and wow, very well researched :)

 

 

 

 


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#7 Flex

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Posted 01 August 2014 - 10:15 PM

I guess I was not precisely enough regarding Rehmannia.

My memory isnt good in the recent time, dunno.

 

I´ve ordered allways Rehmannia as a tincture in 1:5 from various vendors from the Uk.

And even when taking 5 drops, I´ve experienced a blood thinning effect, which lasts a few days.

 

I would very appreciate it if someone could tell me whether it is safe to take actually more than this 5 drops and how much.

Because I could not figure it out whether it has a (so to say) limitless thinning ability like Warfarin

--> If taking too much, You would get a dangerously thinned blood.

 

or if it has a ( dangerousless) limit like Aspirine

---> after 50-100mg is the limit reached and no more thinning happen.

The rest of the e.g. 500mg blocks then COX-2 and inhibits the Pain and Inflammation.

 



#8 chemicalambrosia

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Posted 02 August 2014 - 04:48 PM

Very interesting and well put together post, OP. It seems that the West and the East often seem to have interest in only their own herbs. Every study I glanced at from your list appeared to be Chinese. That might be partly why you don't see much interest in this herb here. There have been a couple of threads on this herb here already, but they weren't incredibly active. I hope this one gathers some more interest, as you've obviously put a lot of work into it. I would offer to to try this out and report back, but I have so many things I've already bought waiting for a proper trial that it wouldn't happen for a long time.



#9 Blackkzeus

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Posted 11 April 2015 - 06:43 AM

Has anybody else tried this herb? If so, did you notice an improvement in memory, specifically declarative memory? Besides memory did you notice any cognitive enhancement?

Edited by Ed Ntuk, 11 April 2015 - 06:44 AM.


#10 Flex

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Posted 11 April 2015 - 08:34 PM

Has anybody else tried this herb? If so, did you notice an improvement in memory, specifically declarative memory? Besides memory did you notice any cognitive enhancement?

 

Nowadays: Actually not much/subtle in any regards, exept noradrenergic stimulation when taking before bed and sedating effects when taking at noon or afternoon.

A few Years ago, when I smoked weed regulary: increased probability to: "fall easyer in love" (if this makes any sence) + antidepressant effects

 

In contrast, NSI-189 had a profound effect on short term memory i.e. recall of something that I´ve read a minute ago
 



#11 AlexCanada

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Posted 15 May 2015 - 08:51 PM

I guess I was not precisely enough regarding Rehmannia.

My memory isnt good in the recent time, dunno.

 

I´ve ordered allways Rehmannia as a tincture in 1:5 from various vendors from the Uk.

And even when taking 5 drops, I´ve experienced a blood thinning effect, which lasts a few days.

 

I would very appreciate it if someone could tell me whether it is safe to take actually more than this 5 drops and how much.

Because I could not figure it out whether it has a (so to say) limitless thinning ability like Warfarin

--> If taking too much, You would get a dangerously thinned blood.

 

or if it has a ( dangerousless) limit like Aspirine

---> after 50-100mg is the limit reached and no more thinning happen.

The rest of the e.g. 500mg blocks then COX-2 and inhibits the Pain and Inflammation.

 

 

Is it safe to take Rehmannia with ginkgo biloba? Or go several hours apart? I take about 50mg ginkgo extract a day. Is also a blood thinner. 

 

I have some Rehmannia in solid form from a TCM shop that I am boiling. Hard to tell what dose this would be but I am going for a small piece about 1 teaspoon in size.

 

 

Anything to be wary of? 

 

 

I also plan to try Albizia and Polygala in the days ahead as I also have dry herbs of these as well as Ontario Ginseng, and Poor Man's Ginseng. 


Edited by AlexCanada, 15 May 2015 - 08:52 PM.


#12 Flex

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Posted 15 May 2015 - 09:44 PM

No guarantee to any following claims !

Its partly based on my own experiences and partly form something that I read somewhen.

 

A small piece should be ok. Rehamnnia is also a bloodthinner(afaik like Plavix) so it better to be cautious because there were some reports of bleeding due to the usage of Aspirine and Ginkgo.

Polygala thickens the blood to a relative extend(via an adrenaline mechanism ro sth. like that) but I hadnt any problems with it.

 

Albizzia is unproblematic but I forgot whether it thinns the blood.

Could make one a bit clam and/or bit anxious

 

My recent experience:

I´ve ordered Rehmannia from Sun Ten. Its a dried freezed 5:1 extract and I took usually between 200mg to 500mg.

Had a really nice cognitive boost at the beginning, far better than Polygala.

 

Have to say that everyone responds different, some could have freely better results with Polygala instead of Rehmannia 


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#13 normalizing

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Posted 16 May 2015 - 07:08 AM

No guarantee to any following claims !

Its partly based on my own experiences and partly form something that I read somewhen.

 

A small piece should be ok. Rehamnnia is also a bloodthinner(afaik like Plavix) so it better to be cautious because there were some reports of bleeding due to the usage of Aspirine and Ginkgo.

Polygala thickens the blood to a relative extend(via an adrenaline mechanism ro sth. like that) but I hadnt any problems with it.

 

Albizzia is unproblematic but I forgot whether it thinns the blood.

Could make one a bit clam and/or bit anxious

 

My recent experience:

I´ve ordered Rehmannia from Sun Ten. Its a dried freezed 5:1 extract and I took usually between 200mg to 500mg.

Had a really nice cognitive boost at the beginning, far better than Polygala.

 

Have to say that everyone responds different, some could have freely better results with Polygala instead of Rehmannia 

 

 

sun ten is aimed at businesses and doesnt sell to individual customers. how were you able to get it?

 



#14 Flex

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Posted 16 May 2015 - 11:51 AM

Via Castleblackhealth

http://castleblackhe...r_name=dan shen

 

And thats the reason why I preffer it.

 

I know that the "professionals only" sentence on the box has a reason and I believe that this is due to the conetration.

Therefore I allways divide through 6 when follow a dosage suggestion.


Edited by Flex, 16 May 2015 - 12:28 PM.


#15 John250

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Posted 03 April 2018 - 04:56 PM

Any updates on this and Rehamnnia. Best brand to buy?

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#16 Painkillerrr

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Posted 24 August 2018 - 11:25 AM

Demn good https://cyber.sci-hu...A==/lee2009.pdf

This is very interesting too (enhances working memory and white matter integrity) http://journal.biolp...&vol=22&page=63





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