LongeCity - Aging Science

10 questions on aging science. Good luck!

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Which of the following are not a hallmark of aging?
A: Epigenetic alterations
B: Loss of proteostasis
C: Genomic Instability
D: Deregulated nutrient sensing
E: Cellular respiration

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How long did the oldest welldocumented mouse in a scientific publication live and what strain was it?
A: 3528 days, a S. Bultermuis fed metformin
B: 423 days, a NAD+ strain with Res876 (resveratrol-producing gene)
C: 1819 days, an Ames dwarf mouse (GH receptor mutant)
D: 2784 days, a "fluorescent giant", mTOR pathway inhibited with RNAi, Cynthia Kenyon lab
E: 5497 days, a C57 mouse in parabiosis transfected with staphylococcus plasmids.

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Protecting mitochondria from aging damage is important in rejuvenation biotechnology. Which of the following alternatives best describes the reason for why mitochondrial genes should be put into the nucleus?
A: In order to stop ATP from being dephosphorylated which makes it less efficient
B: To prevent the cristae from being attacked by free radicals
C: Avoidance of misfolded extracellular aggregates of the twinkle protein
D: To have a back-up system for when they are damaged by free radicals (allotopic expression)
E: There is no reason to put mitochondrial genes in the nucleus, they can be put into the golgi instead where they are secreted in vesicles improving the quality of the ECM

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Which of the following factors are mostly correlated on a cellular level with the development of sarcopenia?
A: Loss of satellite cells and motor neuron axons in muscle
B: Poor nutrition and lack of proper exercise
C: Beta-amyloid and glucose molecules clogging the muscular system making it inefficient
D: Sarcopenia is a social construct and can be prevented if the elderly start identifying as young
E: Actin degradation and a fragilization of the cytoskeleton

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What are the typical characteristics of a senescent cell?
A: Uses paracrine signalling to travel around the body causing necrosis
B: Aggressive behaviour, senescent cells attack surrounding cells by penetrating their membrane with a sharp molecular needle construction and lysing them to get nutrients for their own benefit.
C: Yellow colour on staining, filled with an acidic toxin called "degradase
D: Mutated DNA, Adenine binds to guanidine through a dimer forming a special molecular bond called a "hyperswitch" which makes the cell unable to divide but at the same time does not die.
E: Arrested growth, resistance against apoptosis, DNA-SCARS in the nucleus, SASP spreading inflammation, and a higher p16lnk4a expression

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Aging of the cardiovascular system is primarily characterized by the following changes:
A: Atherosclerosis, faulty epigenetic regulation, beta-amyloid, fat deposits in the heart, increase of type II collagen
B: Atherosclerosis, TTR amyloidosis, tissue stiffening due to excess collagen and a loss of elastin, loss of cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, age pigments.
C: Arteriosclerosis, inflammatory factors such as TNF-alpha, overactivation of mitochondria
D: Atherosclerosis (but only if the person eats a lot of junk food), slowed blood flow, excess of white blood cells due to faulty stem cell regulation, fragile red blood cells that easily burst
E: Fibrosis, lack of NAD+ and CoQ10, vitamin D deficiency, stress due to having a negative attitude in life resulting in irregular heart rhytms.

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Which of the following non-genetic interventions have BOTH been proven to substantially affect the average lifespan in protected lab mice that do NOT have a premature aging disorder?
A: Bulletproof coffee and fish oil
B: Curcumin and green tea
C: Rapamycin and calorie restriction
D: Parabiosis (connecting the circulatory system of old mice with young mice) and exercise
E: NAD+ and quercetin

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What does ADL stand for?
A: Aggressive Density Lipoprotein, a form of cholesterol that dissolves the endothelium inside blood vessels if eaten and subsequently should be strictly avoided. French fries and donuts are rich in it.
B: Aubrey De Grey Lovers, a San Francisco-based cheerleader group.
C: Activities of Daily Living, a score to roughly evaluate the clinical functionality of an elderly or disabled person. Useful to be able to assess the physiological impact of upcoming antiaging interventions.
D: Antagonistic pleiotropy, Disposable soma, Lifespan determinants: a formula used by C. Elegans researchers to understand the genetic interactions behind worm lifespans.
E: Arthritis Dosage Lifespan, a protocol developed by Unity using senolytics in human trials against osteoarthritis.

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Which agerelated change is currently generally the least understood when it comes to how it impacts the body on a clinical level?
A: Protein misfolding and Alzheimer's disease, very little is known about the molecular pathology of proteins and if it can lead to ill health.
B: The social experience of living in an aged body, how to make elderly overcome fear of death and be more positive about their body. Stopping treatment of age-related diseases and instead seeing an opportunity for happiness and personal growth is a better strategy, accepting aging as a part of the natural lifecycle saves healthcare costs.
C: Lipofuscin (accumulation of pigments in aged cells), not much research done or agerelated diseases known except for macular degeneration.
D: Type 2 diabetes, more research is required to know more about this disease so one can be extremely obese and eat as much as one wants without getting it.
E: Atherosclerosis, very little is known about it's formation and what it consists of.

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What evidence do we have of stem cell dysfunction in the aging human body?
A: Clonality of hematopoietic stem cells suggesting biological exhaustion
B: Organs stop functioning because no telomeres are left since they have divided enough, the cells of the body reach their Hayflick limit.
C: Old people look dry and wrinkly because the stem cells plumping them up have been consumed, however regular baths soaking in a stemcell-rich medium mixed with body lotion can replenish vigour to the skin and make them look more hydrated.
D: Alzheimer is associated with a loss of neurons because the stem cells giving rise to them become senescent and block their access to glucose causing memory loss.
E: Embryonic stem cells can be injected into the femurs of elderly people improving walking speed thanks to a stronger bone density.

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