Rudi's HomePage
Rudi Hoffman is the leading writer of cryonics life insurance on the planet. Having been signed with ALCOR since 1994, Rudi understands the concept and current practices of all cryonics organizations.
Rudi is a Senior Associate with The Foresight Institute, and a card carrying and dues paying member of the following groups which may be of interest:
Alcor
Life Extension Foundation
National Rifle Association
Libertarian Party
Port Orange Chamber of Commerce--Board Member
Financial Planning Association--Board Member
Salvation Army--Board Member
The Brights Network
Rudi has been to all five ALCOR conferences, and spoke at the last one. He understands the ideology of the immortalist mindset, and would love to help more people understand how affordable cryonic suspension can be.
He is currently working on a book on funding cryonics, to be called, "The Affordable Immortal."
Dear Bruce, Etc.
I apologize for the late submission. But I would like to submit the beginning of my book, "THE AFFORDABLE IMMORTAL" for consideration in the book project.
It is currently in "WORKS" form. Copying and pasting here will be readable, but not seamless, as the line endings do not correspond to the line endings on emails.
But I think I should try. And, I think SOME inclusion of the premise is HIGHLY relevant to the book effort. Thank you all for your consideration.
Book Submission follows:
The Affordable Immortal:
How YOU can Fund the New Science of Biostasis
By
Rudi Hoffman CFP
Chapters:
1. A Brief Overview of Cryonics
2. How Biostasis is Affordable through Life Insurance
“Jerry’s Cryonics Odyssey”
3. Different Strokes...Which Type Policy is Best?
4. Types of Term Life Insurance
5. What in the World is Universal Life?
6. What’s Wrong Your Life Insurance?
7. Interest Sensitive Whole Life
8. Other Considerations, “What Do I Tell My Family?”
9. Onward Towards Your Future
10. References and Resources
Chapter One
A Brief Overview of Cryonics
Cryonic suspension is the preservation, at extremely low temperature, of an
individual immediately at death.
Part of the premise of cryonics is the expectation that future science and
technological advances will be able to restore this individual, with memories and a
sense of self intact, at some point in time.
While the cost for this medical procedure currently ranges from about $35,000 to
$120,000, this cost can be paid for by the death benefit of a life insurance policy.
The cryonics procedure is not actually carried out until there is a coroner’s
pronouncement of “death”. At the point in time when an individual is pronounced
as “dead” by current standards, any life insurance policies on the individual are
fully collectable and will be paid by the life insurance company.
What this means in practical terms is that nearly everyone reading these words, and
I do include YOU, dear reader, now has the financial ability to afford this
potentially life preserving technology.
If this does not astonish you, if you do not sense the life changing and society
transforming power of this simple idea, then I have yet to do my job, and you should
perhaps reconsider the implications of these technologies. By the time we finish the
journey of this book together, my hope is that you will share my passion for the life
enhancing possibilities now available to millions of special and unique individuals.
BUT WILL CRYONICS WORK?
Whether you consider cryonic suspension as a rational or reasonable gamble is your
decision, based on research that you have perhaps already done, and will continue
to do. Whether cryonics will “work”, whether the cryogenically suspended
individual can be reanimated with memories intact able to function and enjoy life, is
an open ended question. While this is perhaps among the more important questions
of our age, and an especially vital question for you to make regarding your personal
cryonics choices, this book will not focus on the feasibility of cryonics. There is a
whole body of literature and research written by people who are much more
technically competent to deal with this multifaceted and controversial issue.
My mission is to prove to you that cryonics is FINANCIALLY feasible for you, if
you live in the developed world, are reasonably healthy, and under age 85. Whether
reanimation is possible or not becomes a moot point to you individually if cryonics
were only available to the super-rich, or would require great sacrifice on the part of
your loved ones.
The purpose of this book is to show exactly HOW and WHY most individuals can
indeed comfortably incorporate the amount of money required for cryonic
suspension into their annual or monthly budget. This is accomplished through the
financial “leverage” of life insurance, where a relatively tiny amount of premium
paid to an insurance company blossoms to a relatively enormous amount of money
upon pronouncement of “death”.
It is considered good form, especially in scientific literature, to disclose bias. With
this in mind, the reader should be warned that my bias is that cryonic suspension is
an enormously reasonable, rational, affordable, and scientific choice. You, as a
perceptive reader, have probably figured this out already.
ISN’T CRYONIC SUSPENSION JUST SCIENCE FICTION?
This is being written in January of 2002. As of this writing, there are two
substantial organizations doing cryogenic suspensions on human beings. ALCOR is
based in Scottsdale, Arizona and has about 600 people signed as funded and
potential suspendees. And Cryonics Institute, founded by Robert Ettinger, in
Clinton Township, Michigan. More will be said about these organizations in later
chapters.
Alcor has some 47 people currently stored at liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Cryonics Institute in Clinton Township, Michigan has perhaps 500 people who have
filled out their paper work and have handled the funding to be cooled to liquid
nitrogen temperatures.
Why are these figures so astonishing low? Why aren’t more people taking
advantage of this option? The possible answers to these questions will be dealt with
in this book.
Chapter Two
“How Biostasis is Affordable Through Life Insurance”
Because current cryonic suspension vendors like ALCOR and the Cryonics Institute
require that an individual be pronounced “dead” before the procedures and
protocols of cryonics can be started, folks like you and I, dear reader, have a unique
opportunity.
This opportunity is to use the unique financial program called “life insurance” in a
remarkably clever and creative way.
Let me tell you a story, the story of Jerry Kent. While the names and a few details
have been changed for confidentiality, the basic information is accurate.
JERRY’S LIFE EXTENSION ODESSY
Jerry Kent is a 45 year old software developer. Like many people, Jerry first heard
about the cryonic suspension option from a friend of his, who worked at the same
software company he did.
So, Jerry went home that evening and put “cryonics” into his Internet search
engine.
He was surprised by the number of responses that were elicited by such a simple
search. His friend had mentioned “ALCOR,” and he recognized the ALCOR home
page link as a choice, so he clicked on the link, almost giddy with anticipation.
Sure enough, the ALCOR web site was complete and professionally done. There
were pictures of the facility in Scottsdale, Arizona, along with pictures of some of
the people who were involved with the organization.
Jerry was especially interested in the “Frequently Asked Questions” section, where
some of his exact questions and concerns were dealt with.
“This is fantastic,” thought Jerry to himself. “This is more than a concept, it is an
actual up and running operation.”
As Jerry read on he found that ALCOR was charging $120,000 for full body
suspension. And that there was a “neurovitrification” option, with just the head
frozen, that was $50,000. Additionally, ALCOR was recommending a “cushion” of
about $30,000 for possible future upgrades and “standby and transport” costs.
Immediately Jerry’s mind went back, unbidden, to the constant financial struggle
that always seemed to be on his mind. “I can’t understand why we feel so pressured
financially all the time,” he thought to himself. “I have some advanced education,
and I am willing to work hard. We keep getting raises, but the money just never
seems to be enough. Even with Pat working, we just don’t have the financial
resources for something that might cost $80,000 or $150,000. I am working my tail
off, and I made $86,000 last year, with Pat bringing in another $50,000 from her
college administrator position. This cryonics thing must just be for really rich
people.”
“Jerry, how are we going to pay for the kid’s college?” Jerry could almost hear his
wife asking him this, something that always made him feel inadequate and angry.
He knew he was a good husband and father, as well as a decent breadwinner. Even
if he had not started his own company yet, like so many of his colleagues had done,
he still felt he had done pretty well for himself and the boys. Pat should be happy
that he did not get downsized like Mary and Fred at work. And he also knew he
was in better financial position than many of his friends in high technology. His
best friend Bruce, as good a programmer as Jerry, had been laid off in the “tech
wreck” that started in 2000. Now, in mid 2002, the outlook for his company was
finally looking less bleak, but there was still a lot of uncertainty and worried faces
around the water cooler.
Was it just last week that this continuing college argument had resurfaced? “How
should I know? We are saving all we can now. The kids will just have to get
scholarships!”
And now here he was considering a procedure that would cost a sizable amount of
money. And yet he was thinking “This is something I really might want to do.
What to do?”
Jerry could just imagine the response his wife Pat would have to the cost issue of the
Cryonics thing. He had met Pat in college in 1982, and they had been married for
some 17 years. He still loved his wife, and respected her keen wit, broad
intelligence, and sparkling personality. And they still found each other romantically
and physically attractive. But he also knew his wife inside and out. Presenting the
cryonics option to her was going to be a challenge.
As Jerry considered his financial picture, he went to the computer program where
he kept his financial summary. Well, he had about 48,000 in his retirement
program in the 401k at work. Jerry shook his head at this figure, down from a high
of 123,000 just a few years ago. It seemed that every time he looked at his 401k, the
damn figure went DOWN instead of up! But Jerry, like many people involved in
the computer industry, had a very positive orientation toward technology, and had
most of his 401k in growth and technology stocks and funds.
Pat’s retirement at work? She had about $23,000 in her 403b from the school.
While also down from the high of $32,000, her account had fared better on a
percentage basis. But there was no way she would think of committing her
retirement account to some “untested” and “ridiculous” venture. He could almost
here the way she would react in his head. And he did not like what he heard.
There was another 18,000 in the college fund for the boys. Still not enough!
And this fund had been saved at tremendous sacrifice by Jerry and Pat. “There is
no way I am going to touch my son’s college fund!” thought Jerry. And Pat would
also not let him commit this money either. He chuckled to himself as he thought
about how ridiculous it would sound to Pat if he said, “Listen, Pat. I have decided
to take our retirement money and the kid’s college funds. I am going to liquidate
these during one of the worst stock markets dips since the 1970’s. And I am going to
use this money to freeze myself when I die.”
No, this definitely would not do! Jerry was disheartened and discouraged as he
thought about how to create the funding for what he was already regarding as “his
suspension.” It seemed funny, a few days ago he did not even know that such a
possibility existed. And now he found that it DID exist, but was not financially
feasible, he was ANGRY. “It’s not fair,” Jerry thought. “This thing should not
cost so much! What kind of a rip-off is this, where these cryonics people only freeze
elitist egghead rich people!”
Jerry went back to the ALCOR website. As he continued to read, his initial
frustration and anger turned to hope.
It turns out that most cryonicists fund their suspension with life insurance!
Jerry knew that life insurance created a big lump sum of money when you die,
because his father had died of a heart attack at age 57, when Jerry was 27. Jerry
even remembered that the policy proceeds were not subject to income tax. He also
remembered how part of the fear and apprehension his mother had about the future
left her eyes when the insurance man delivered the check for $75,000 to her. This
was considered a fairly large policy at the time, as Jerry recalled, and it had
certainly made a difference to their family.
As Jerry continued to check out the ALCOR website, he noticed that there was a
page with links to insurance agents familiar with the cryonics business.
“Now we are talking!” Thought Jerry as he clicked on the first of the six hypertext
agent references that showed up blue in his browser. As the box opened for him to
write a letter, he wondered what he should say.
Finally deciding a direct and simple approach would be best, he wrote the same
letter to several of the agents listed in the ALCOR website.
“Dear Sir or Madame,
I am looking into funding a suspension with ALCOR. I would like a quote for
$150,000 of coverage.”
Then he put his date of birth, and added that he was a healthy nonsmoker. As an
afterthought, he also added his height and weight. Jerry was proud that he had
kept reasonably fit, and wanted to get the best possible rates.
Feeling like he had really accomplished something meaningful, and was actually
moving and getting information on whether he could afford cryonics, Jerry was
rather proud of himself. Feeling rather pleased that the ball was at least rolling,
Jerry turned the computer off and went to the kitchen to spend some time with Pat
and the boys.
***
The next day when Jerry got a break at work, he anxiously checked his email. As he
logged on to AOL, the “You’ve Got Mail” sound bite emerged cheerily from the
speakers he had installed on his work computer. After clicking “no thanks” to the
AOL offer of a scanner, he noticed that he had 5 pieces of mail. Two jokes from his
friend who always spammed him with jokes, what looked like a come-on for a porn
site, more spam about lowering his mortgage rates, and a letter from a name he
recognized as one of the agents he had emailed.
Sure enough, one of the agents had written back. Jerry opened this letter first, as he
was getting quite enthusiastic about the possibility of the cryonics option.
Taking a quick peak around the office to notice if some of his pesky and nosy
coworkers were monitoring him, Jerry read the email.
“Dear Jerry,
Thank you for your interest in funding your cryonic suspension with Life
Insurance.
Based on the information you provided, there are several ways we can go to help
you. As a 45 year old man in excellent health and height and weight ranges, you will
probably qualify for the “preferred” rates.
To provide a the recommended “cushion” and fund for a whole body or “best
available” suspension with ALCOR, we will need to create a lump sum of $150,000.
The following quotes will be with North American Company for Life and Health, an
A+ rated carrier that has been around since the 1800s. More importantly,
NACOLAH has put in writing that they have no problem with CRYONICS
organizations as beneficiaries and owners of the insurance policy.
We can do this with a 20 year level term life insurance for 32.12 per month. This
rate will stay level for 20 years, with the premium, or cost, of the coverage staying
level at this rate, and the death benefit, also known as the face amount of the
coverage, also staying level.
This term insurance also provides guaranteed upgradability to Universal Life or
Limited Pay life, Jerry.
If you prefer, you may want to own a permanent policy like a UNIVERSAL LIFE,
in which the premiums stay level to age 100, and the policy accumulates cash value.
If you invest 100 per month into a Universal Life policy, you not only will have the
$150,000 of “death” benefit, but a cash accumulation while you live as well.
The cash value grows inside of the policy tax deferred and free from the predations
of creditors. If you get sued, if you file bankruptcy, if you have creditors or any
sort, or may in the future, you should know this. Any money you have in stocks,
bonds, bank savings deposits, mutual funds, money market certificates, or
certificates of deposit at the bank, ALL of these-- are subject to the claims of
creditors.
But the cash value in your life insurance policy is NOT. In most states, Jerry, cash
values of life insurance are NOT available to creditors, even in bankruptcy.
The cash value grows at a good rate of return, currently 5.75%, which is higher
than the rate the banks are paying for savings and even CD’s. And the money is
very safe, not subject to stock market fluctuations, and guaranteed by the insurance
company.
Jerry, you may want to go with a LIMITED PAY WHOLE LIFE policy, which
accumulates enough money inside the policy that the premiums no longer have to be
paid after a certain point in time.
The policy remains in place, the “death benefit” will be paid to the beneficiaries you
specify, but you will not have to pay any more premiums once the policy is “PAID
UP.”
At your age, a LIMITED PAY WHOLE LIFE policy with State Life will involve a
monthly investment of 185 per month. But the policy will be “PAID UP” in 17
years, even assuming the current and very conservative interest projections. If the
prevailing interest rates go up, which they probably will, your policy will be paid up
even sooner.
You may be interested in noting that, here in 2002, we are experiencing some of the
lowest interest rates in 40 years, so it is certainly possible that the interest rates in
the future will be higher, leading to a policy that will be paid up earlier.
Jerry, I would like you to call my 800 number, 800-749-3773, or email me if you
prefer and let’s talk about what will possibly be the best match for you, given your
individual circumstances. Once we have a chance to correspond and we find out
what might work for you, I will get you a computer illustration out by overnight
mail.
Warmly and Professionally Yours,
Richard Harker
“Well,” though Jerry. “This guy has given me a lot to think about. He obviously
understands what I am trying to do, and seems to know what he is doing.”
“But I have never really understood life insurance. And I don’t really WANT to
understand that much. I just want to know I am not getting screwed by buying a
bad policy. And be able to explain to Pat what I have done, and that I have done
enough homework so she will understand that I am making a good decision.”
“And I SURE don’t want to talk to an insurance agent if I can help it. This Richard
seems nice enough, but there is something a bit off-putting about most insurance
guys I have talked with. Even our own insurance agent is a little weird. Although
we are in Kiwanis together, I am not sure if I really like that guy that much. And
there is no way he would understand the cryonics thing.”
“But the good news,” thought Jerry, “Is that I can DO this thing! Even the most
expensive policy this guy emailed about was less than 200 bucks per month.”
“This is a lot better than trying to come up with a lump sum of $150,000! And, it
won’t take away from the money that I want to leave for Pat and the boys.”
Jerry made an electronic file for this information, opening a file under “cryonics life
insurance” and resolved that he would think about this tonight and email Richard
Harker back tomorrow.
But now he had better get some work done, as he looked down at his Franklin
Planner, complete with a full and productive day ahead.
***
Chapter Three
Different Strokes...Which Type of Policy Is Best?
The first recorded life insurance policy was issued in London on June 18, 1536, on
the life of William Gybbons. It was a one year policy.
And Gybbons died within this year! On May 29, 1537, Gybbons died, although
there is no written cause of death. Perhaps you will not be surprised that even back
then there were unscrupulous companies. The insurance company refused to pay
the death benefit. The position the insurance company took was this: By their
reckoning, Mr. Gybbons had life insurance for a year. They insisted that Gybbons
had lived a full year by their calculations, using a year as defined by twelve months
of four weeks each.
However, the court ruled against the insurance company, and they were forced to
pay. (1)
Perhaps with such an inauspicious, or should we say suspicious, beginning, the
institution of life insurance is viewed with great suspicion by many and perhaps
most people.
Because the insurance industry continued to grow, and eventually became extremely
regulated.
And, due to the competitive pressures of both the free market and greater
regulation, the policies that are available today are MUCH better for the consumer
than policies issued in the past.
The life insurance policies issued after 1995 which accumulate so called “cash
value” or “living value” have this account growing at better rates of return than
older policies.
Types of Life Insurance Policies
Basically, there are three different types of life insurance policies.
The first, and easiest to explain, is called “TERM” life insurance. This is simply
insurance for a “term” or period of years. There is “annual renewable term,” also
known as “yearly renewable term.” This is often abbreviated “ART” or “YRT”,
and simply provides coverage for a single year.
However, the ART can generally be “renewed,” meaning that the coverage can be
kept as long as the premium is paid. Because the risk to the company has gone up,
since you are year older, the premium will also go up each year. In the early years,
especially before age 35 or so, this increase is rather slight. But, as time goes by the
risk of an insured dying increases. This is called the mortality risk, and the life
insurance company has special mathematicians called actuaries that have figured
out the mortality costs in tremendous detail.
So, the premium goes up each year on an “Annual Renewable Term” policy.
Because the premium increases each year, and people often get tired of the increases
in premium with no equivalent increases in benefit, an ART policy is rarely an
appropriate choice for insurance funding.
There are reasons why an ART might be recommended. Let’s say you are a banker,
and a real estate developer comes to you and borrows ten million dollars for a
period of one year. As a banker, you have reason to believe that the developer will
be able to pay back the loan with interest after one year. But, if Mr. Developer
DIES before the year is out, his project could fold, and the loan may default.
It is prudent, and most bankers will require, that a life insurance policy be taken out
on the life of the Mr. Developer. Because the period of liability is known in advance,
and the loan will be paid off in a year, and the face amount is very large, an ART
might be appropriate in this situation.
The premium rate for a ART policy is shown in the policy, in the “schedule of
renewal premiums.”
There is a cost to an insurance company in underwriting expenses, commissions,
and administration to get a policy on the books. The underwriting cost, for
instance, may include the fees charged by the doctor’s office for medical records, the
amount of money paid for a nursing service to send a nurse to gather blood and a
urine specimen, the cost of analyzing these specimens, and other costs associated
with getting a policy “on the books.”
Because the first few years of ART policies are so relatively cheap, the way
insurance companies recoup this is to charge substantially higher renewal rates as
time goes by. ART policy renewal rates, added up from the schedule of renewal
premiums, are universally much higher than a policy issued by the same company
for a 10, 20, or 30 year level term policy.
This brings us to the LEVEL term policy. This is a policy which stays level for a
TERM or period of years. Ten, twenty, and thirty year level policies allow the both
the premium and the benefit (the face amount) of the policy to stay level.
It is not that the insurance company thinks that the risk of your dying is
ACTUALLY going to be level for the next 30 years! According to insurance
company statistics, your actual odds of dying are about ten times as high at 55
versus age 25. (2)
So what the insurance company does is “level” out the premiums, so that the
premium cost and the insurance stay level for the term period.
Because the term policies are for a limited period or time, the insurance company
has accepted the risk of paying a death benefit should death occur during the period
of coverage. So, a term policy may provide coverage for a 20 year term. But if the
policy is not RENEWABLE and death does not occur during this 20 year period,
then the company has no risk of paying a death claim at the older ages when death
is more likely to occur.
Most term insurance is GUARANTEED RENEWABLE. This means that the policy
can be RENEWED as term insurance at the end of the term. However, the rate, or
premium, will go up substantially. In some cases, the premium will increase 15 or
20 times, or 1500% to 2000%.
Many companies offer term insurance that is also UPGRADABLE. This means that
the policy can be “Upgraded” to a Universal Life or a Limited Payment Whole Life
with no evidence of insurability.
Here is a sample of a term policy, with the renewal rates. This happens to be one of
the policies actually owned on the life of this author. This is not theoretical,
abstract, or difficult to understand. This is the actual data from the physical policy
sitting on my desk as these words are written.
The policy is a LEVEL term policy, level for thirty years. It was issued in 1999,
when the insured was 42 years old. The face amount, or death benefit, is for one
million, three hundred thousand dollars. ($1,300,000.)
The annual premium, or cost, to this policy is two thousand, three hundred eighty
seven dollars. ($2,387.) This premium is guaranteed to stay level for thirty years
from the issue date in 1999.
One way to think about and compare the cost of life insurance is to do it on a “cost
per thousand” basis. If we take the $2,387 annual cost for the life insurance, divide
it by the number of thousands, in this case 1,300 of them, we will arrive at a “cost
per thousand” rate. In this case it comes out to about $1.84 for each thousand of
coverage.
Now, let’s take a minute and think about this. Because it is truly a remarkable
phenomena. Many people, when thinking about this for the first time, will say
something like this:
“Now just hold on a minute! Are you trying to say that you can give a life insurance
company less than two bucks, and if you die they come up a THOUSAND bucks?
Now that just don’t sound right. How can they do that, much less make enough
money on it to stay in business long enough to pay off for me when I kick the
bucket? What you are saying is that I can multiply the amount of money that will
be available for my family, or to fund my cryonic suspension, by a factor of 500.
How can this be? There has got to be a catch here somewhere. What do y’all got in
the fine print of them thar policies that allows you to magically multiply money by
hundreds of times?”
Well, it turns out that life insurance does indeed allow us to leverage our dollars in a
very substantial way. But, there are indeed some “catches” or provisions that you
and I need to know about.
It turns out most of these “catches” are not really in the “fine print” but fairly easy
to find in the policy. Although very few of us actually read the policy when it comes
to us, since most of it looks like the “fine print” that inspired the well known phrase,
“The bold print giveth, but the fine print taketh away.”
An honest broker or agent should take the time to explain exactly what “fine print”
provisions might be the “taketh away” part. But since your broker, agent, or
brother in law who just got in the insurance business may not explain these points,
you are going to learn them here.
The first “taketh away” clause is called the Contestability Period. Here is exactly
what the verbiage of the policy sitting on my desk says:
“Contestable Period
During but not after the contestable period, we can contest the validity of the new
policy and reduce a claim for any misrepresentation or nondisclosure of a material
fact in the application for exchange. The reduced amount will be that which the
premiums paid on the new policy would have purchased on this policy had the
exchange not occurred. The contestable period starts when the new policy goes into
force and ends when the new policy has been in force during the Insured’s lifetime
for 2 years from its policy date.” 3
Exactly what does this mean? It means pretty much this: that if you lie on the
application, and die in the first two years the policy is in force, the company may
pay a reduced amount or not at all on your claim.
Is this a big deal? Not really. First of all, the rather obvious solution is to not lie on
your application. But it turns out that it is pretty difficult to make a major and
significant misrepresentation that is not discovered during the underwriting
process.
For instance, the most common misstatement on a life insurance application,
according to most underwriters surveyed in an informal poll, is “fibbing” about the
tobacco or nicotine usage. But, the life insurance company does not merely take
your word on the life insurance application that you are not a user of nicotine
products. They have a nurse come to you at your home or place of business, and
this nurse will take a small blood and urine sample.
The tests run on these samples are very sensitive, and will determine if any nicotine
usage has occurred within a period of several weeks. Also, these tests serve as
screens for AIDS and HIV virus, lipid (fats) and chloresterol levels, and protein and
sugars in the urine. Even if you have seen a doctor or had a checkup recently, most
insurance companies will ask you to have the urine and blood tests with the nurse
that they hire. This way, they have more positive control of the “chain of custody”
of the samples, and are less likely to make an error in determining who they will
cover, and at what rate.
So we see that a “material misstatement” on an application is unlikely to cause a
claim to be contested. While an intentional and fraudulent application might have
the possibility of sneaking under the radar of the underwriters, causing a claim to
contested should death occur in the first two years, this “fine print” should not
concern us.
(End of what I have so far of "THE AFFORDABLE IMMORTAL"
