I am getting the link to Blundell's work later but his patients who survived didn't for long. He is givien most credit for today's beginning. [!]
Jean-Baptiste Denis and Richard Lower''s separate work is little known or documented due to its very early character but also because much of the work was destroyed in the still prevalent heresy fears after the initial work was announced. Remember the also knew little to nothing about sepsis. All subsequent attempts to use animal blood failed and were the result of extreme emergency, so your suspicions on this are valid. [hmm]
Please understand that the fervor of the opposition we are encountering today has a LONG historical fondation and this battle for legitimacy is yet barely engaged. I was referring to Blundell's work and was "speaking off the cuff" when I said the "late 18th century. Obviously, as the time line I am now presenting affirms, I confused what I had heard from a lecture some years ago and the origin is in fact almost two centuries earlier and the work was from a different independent pair of scientists.
I tried to edit this post four times and my computer creashed on it, after I got my machine up and running again I almost forgot how I had misprinted the original. But I finally remembered so I came back to correct it. [wacko]
There is another lesson to us in this not oftened told tale of the beginnings of Modern Medicine, and that is the Social Lesson. Medicine in hte West is fighting a lng war with fanatical fundamentalism that has consistently held back progress. This struggle is counter productive and a new approach is needed to accelerate our common cause.
Perhaps we should make
Spin Doctoring a branch of Medicine
The rest as they say is history. [ph34r]
HISTORY OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION[
http://members.redif...ank/History.htmhttp://www.blood.co....es/e20hist.html1628 English physician William Harvey discovers the circulation of blood. Shortly afterward, the earliest known blood transfusion is attempted.
1657 Sir Christopher Wren takes time out from designing cathedrals to inject some fluids into the circulation of animals, using equipment developed by William Harvey.
1665 The first recorded successful blood transfusion occurs in England: Physician Richard Lower keeps dogs alive by transfusion of blood from other dogs.
1666 In the same year that London burns, Richard Lower performs the first successful transfusion, albeit on an animal.
1667
Jean-Baptiste Denis in France and Richard Lower in England separately report successful transfusions from lambs to humans. Within ten years, transfusing the blood of animals to humans becomes prohibited by law, delaying transfusion advances for about 150 years. 1667 Samuel Pepys scribbles in his notes that experiments have been taking place at the Royal Society, transfusing blood from one dog to another.
1795 In Philadelphia an American physician, Philip Syng Physick, claims to perform the first human blood transfusion, although he does not publish this information.
1818 While poets like Keats, Shelley and Byron are all wandering around being romantic, Dr James Blundell is being altogether more practical and conducts transfusions in cases of haemorrhages after childbirth.
1818 James Blundell, a British obstetrician, performs the first successful transfusion of human blood to a patient for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Using the patient's husband as a donor, he extracts approximately four ounces of blood from the husband's arm and, using a syringe, successfully transfuses the wife. Between 1825 and 1830, he performs 10 transfusions, five of which prove beneficial to his patients, and publishes these results. He also devises various instruments for performing transfusions and proposed rational indications.
1840 At St. George's School in London, Samuel Armstrong Lane, aided by consultant Dr. Blundell, performs the first successful whole blood transfusion to treat hemophilia.
1867 English surgeon Joseph Lister uses antiseptics to control infection during transfusions.
1873-1880 US physicians transfused milk (from cows, goats and humans)
1884 Saline infusion replaces milk as a “blood substitute” due to the increased frequency of adverse reactions to milk.
1900 Dr Karl Landsteiner, a leading doctor in Vienna, discovers that blood comes in 4 main groups - A, B, AB and O - and suddenly everybody realises why they've been going wrong for the last 272 years. The fourth, AB, is added by his colleagues A. Decastello and A. Sturli in 1902. Landsteiner receives the Nobel Prize for Medicine for this discovery in 1930.
1907 Hektoen suggests that the safety of transfusion might be improved by crossmatching blood between donors and patients to exclude incompatible mixtures. Reuben Ottenberg performs the first blood transfusion using blood typing and crossmatching in New York. Ottenberg also observed the mendelian inheritance of blood groups and recognized the “universal” utility of group O donors.
1908 French surgeon Alexis Carrel devises a way to prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor. This vein-to-vein or direct method, known as anastomosis, is practiced by a number of physicians, among them J.B. Murphy in Chicago and George Crile in Cleveland. The procedure, however, proves unfeasible for blood transfusions, but paves the way for successful organ transplantation, for which Carrel receives the Nobel Prize in 1912.
1908 Moreschi describes the antiglobulin reaction.
1912 Roger Lee, a visiting physician at the Massachusetts General Hospital, along with Paul Dudley White, develops the Lee-White clotting time. Adding another important discovery to the growing body of knowledge of transfusion medicine, Lee demonstrates that it is safe to give group O blood to patients of any blood group, and that blood from all groups can be given to group AB patients. The terms "universal donor" and "universal recipient" are coined.
1914 Long-term anticoagulants, among them sodium citrate, are developed, allowing longer preservation of blood.
1915 At Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York, Richard Lewisohn uses sodium citrate as an anticoagulant to transform the transfusion procedure from direct to indirect. In addition, R. Weil demonstrates the feasibility of refrigerated storage of such anticoagulated blood. Although this is a great advance in transfusion medicine, it takes 10 years for sodium citrate use to be accepted.
1916 Francis Rous and J.R. Turner introduce a citrate-glucose solution that permits storage of blood for several days after collection. Allowing for blood to be stored in containers for later transfusion aids the transition from the vein-to-vein method to direct transfusion. This discovery also allows for the establishment of the first blood depot by the British during World War I. Oswald Robertson is credited as the creator of the blood depots.
1914-1918 Two major advances take place out of need to relieve the pressure caused by trying to save lives during the Great War. The first is the discovery that blood could be prevented from clotting once it's removed from the body by mixing it with sodium citrate. And like most things, they also discover that blood can last a bit longer if it's put in a fridge.
1921 The British Red Cross members all decide to give blood at Kings College Hospital, London, and so the first voluntary blood service is born.
1932 The first blood bank is established in a Leningrad hospital.
1936 The Americans open the world's first blood bank at Cook County Hospital, Chicago.
1937 Bernard Fantus, director of therapeutics at the Cook County Hospital in Chicago, establishes the first hospital blood bank. In creating a hospital laboratory that can preserve and store donor blood, Fantus originates the term "blood bank." Within a few years, hospital and community blood banks begin to be established across the United States. Some of the earliest are in San Francisco, New York, Miami and Cincinnati.
1939 After the outbreak of war, things really kick off with four large civilian centres being set up near London and at an Army centre near Bristol.
1939/40 The Rh blood group system is discovered by Karl Landsteiner, Alex Wiener, Philip Levine and R.E. Stetson and is soon recognized as the cause of the majority of transfusion reactions. Identification of the Rh factor takes its place next to ABO as one of the most important breakthroughs in the field of blood banking. Britain open their first blood bank in Ipswich. While the war rages, obviously there is a greater need for blood so the emergency medical services and the Army set up eight regional transfusion centres. And thousands of civilians do their bit for the country by donating, saving the lives of many servicemen and civilians.
Edwin Cohn, a professor of biological chemistry at Harvard Medical School, develops cold ethanol fractionation, the process of breaking down plasma into components and products. Albumin, a protein with powerful osmotic properties, plus gamma globulin and fibrinogen are isolated and become available for clinical use. The efficacy of albumin in transfusion is demonstrated by John Elliott.
1943 The introduction by J.F. Loutit and Patrick L. Mollison of acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution, which reduces the volume of anticoagulant, permits transfusions of greater volumes of blood and permits longer term storage.
1945 Coombs, Mourant and Race describe the use of antihuman globulin (later known as the “Coombs Test”) to identify “incomplete” antibodies.
1946 The National Blood Service is launched (under the the name Blood Transfusion Service).
1950 Audrey Smith reports the use of glycerol cryoprotectant for freezing red blood cells.
1950 In one of the single most influential technical developments in blood banking, Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy, Jr., introduce the plastic bag for blood collection. Replacing breakable glass bottles with durable plastic bags allows for the evolution of a collection system capable of safe and easy preparation of multiple blood components from a single unit of whole blood. Development of the refrigerated centrifuge in 1953 further expedites blood component therapy.
1948 The National Health Service is set up in England and North Wales (yes, the National Blood Service came first). But right from the start, a strong partnership is established between the two.
Mid-1950s In response to the heightened demand created by open heart surgery and advances in trauma care patients, blood use enters its most explosive growth period.
1959 Max Perutz of Cambridge University deciphers the molecular structure of hemoglobin, the molecule that transports oxygen and gives red blood cells their color.
1960 A. Solomon and J.L. Fahey report the first therapeutic plasmapheresis procedure.
1961 The role of platelet concentrates in reducing mortality from hemorrhage in cancer patients is recognized.
1975 While everyone is busy wearing flares and having bad hair, the National Blood Service quietly gets on with replacing glass bottles with plastic blood bags, and therefore allowing a much wider use of blood components.
1986 HIV testing is introduced.
1991 And just as importantly, testing for hepatitis C is introduced.
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The mice were injected with pig and human cells
