All:
Indeed animal studies where growth hormone (GH) or insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) hormones or their receptors are down-modulated have shown a definite increase in lifespan leading one to conclude that these hormones and particularly any form of supplementation may decrease lifespan.
The paradox: caloric restriction, or any regimen that lowers blood glucose levels causes an increase in GH secretion by the anterior pituitary, which then acts to induce secretion of IGF-1 from a number of tissues, most notably the liver. It is IGF-1 that then acts on most cells of the body. The secretion of GH is pulsatile, meaning it comes in bursts, whereas the secretion of IGF-1 is more steady.
This isn't really a paradox, because the key is that
IGF-1 mediated GH signaling is reduced by CR, even though integrated
GH levels are increased. This is because IGF-1 is dramatically reduced under CR despite the elevations in GH. Insulin plays a permissive role in the liver's formation of IGF-1, and also suppresses IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) which inactivates it. Insulin levels are slashed by CR, resulting in much lower IGF-1 levels (1,2) and still further lower levels of IGF-1
signaling due to elevated IGFBP-1 (2,3).
So why would the same increase in GH that when induced by CR be life extending whilst studies showing that removing components from the GH signaling axis also extend lifespan? Because of the other important effect of CR - low blood glucose levels both in the bloodstream and in the cell.
While CR animals likely don't suffer intracellular hyperglycemia, it is not likely that they have unusually
low intracellular glucose: specific metabolic rate is unaltered by CR
based on existing evidence ((4-6) -- NB that the authors of (4) misinterpret their own data; but cf (7-9) for reasons that these data may not give the true picture; Roger McCarter may yet provide a definitive answer to this ambiguity (10)).
So the moral of the story is that GH supplementation is not enough
I would say that the moral of the story is that GH supplementation is suicidal, unless you're on CR -- in which the impact may be reduced. But see (11), in which "Infusion of either GH or IGF-1 via osmotic minipumps restored in situ and in vitro CRNK-16 [leukemia] cell proliferation in [CR] rats up to rates measured in AL-treated rats."
Yes, a paradox, perhaps:
Not so much a paradox, as "antagonistic pleiotrophy."
-Michael
1: Sonntag WE, Lynch CD, Cefalu WT, Ingram RL, Bennett SA, Thornton PL, Khan
AS.
Pleiotropic effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 on
biological aging: inferences from moderate caloric-restricted animals.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999 Dec;54(12):B521-38. Review.
PMID: 10647962 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2. Nemet D, Connolly PH, Pontello-Pescatello AM, Rose-Gottron C, Larson JK,
Galassetti P, Cooper DM.
Negative energy balance plays a major role in the IGF-I response to exercise
training.
J Appl Physiol. 2004 Jan;96(1):276-82. Epub 2003 Aug 29.
PMID: 12949013 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3. Busby WH, Snyder DK, Clemmons DR.
Radioimmunoassay of a 26,000-dalton plasma insulin-like growth factor-binding
protein: control by nutritional variables.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Dec;67(6):1225-30.
PMID: 2461386 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4. McCarter R, Masoro EJ, Yu BP. Does food restriction retard aging by reducing the metabolic rate? Am J Physiol. 1985 Apr;248(4 Pt 1):E488-90. PMID: 3157325; UI: 85172210
5. McCarter RJ, McGee JR. Transient reduction of metabolic rate by food restriction. Am J Physiol. 1989 Aug;257(2 Pt 1):E175-9. PMID: 2764100; UI: 89349360
6. Greenberg JA, Boozer CN.
Metabolic mass, metabolic rate, caloric restriction, and aging in male Fischer 344 rats.
Mech Ageing Dev. 2000 Jan 24;113(1):37-48.
PMID: 10708248 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7. Ramsey JJ, Harper ME, Weindruch R.
Restriction of energy intake, energy expenditure, and aging.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Nov 15;29(10):946-68. Review.
PMID: 11084284 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8. Gallagher D, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB.
Dubious assumptions underlying the adjustment of metabolic rates for changes in fat-free mass.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jul;88(7):3454; author reply 3454-5. No abstract available.
PMID: 12843204 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
9. Blanc S, Schoeller D, Kemnitz J, Weindruch R, Colman R, Newton W, Wink K, Baum S, Ramsey J.
Energy expenditure of rhesus monkeys subjected to 11 years of dietary restriction.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jan;88(1):16-23.
PMID: 12519821 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
10.
http://ric.uthscsa.e...oesCRAlter.html11: Hursting SD, Switzer BR, French JE, Kari FW.
The growth hormone: insulin-like growth factor 1 axis is a mediator of diet
restriction-induced inhibition of mononuclear cell leukemia in Fischer rats.
Cancer Res. 1993 Jun 15;53(12):2750-7.
PMID: 8389243 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Edited by Michael, 30 November 2004 - 03:44 AM.