I've noticed some people blindly state Piracetam is anticholinergic however it's completely inaccurate. Typical anticholinergics are antagonists of choline receptors blocking their transmission. An official definition is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system. It does not block ACh. Some important notes of how Piracetam effect choline, ACh, and their receptors.
1. Piracetam actually increases choline content in the brain by 88%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.../pubmed/7301036
It is reasonable to assume this is part of it's mode of action in increasing cellular membrane fluidity in the brain by increasing phospholipid levels which require guess what choline!
https://www.ncbi.nlm.../pubmed/9037245
2. Piracetam increases muscarinic cholinergic receptor density by 30-40%. This effect is associated with restoring neurochemical deficits in older rats and cognitive performance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.../pubmed/3126530
https://www.ncbi.nlm...pubmed/10338103
3. Piracetam increases Acetylcholine release which can positively affect memory (just as Dopamine or Serotonin releases can improve mood) even though it can cause a decrease in ACh afterwards by upwards of 19%. Bear in mind above it can increase receptor density which means the brain is more efficient in responding to ACh so even if there's a drop in ACh by say 19% the 30-40% increase in MC receptors may more than make up for it. This is why the full picture or totality of a chemical's actions are important otherwise you may overfocus on one mode of action and not realize there's other modes that come into play.
https://cyber.sci-hu...wurtman1981.pdf
Edited by BioHacker=Life, 02 February 2019 - 03:48 AM.