However, the article is pretty old, so the best summary might be "Rome K, Hancock D, Poratt D. Barefoot running and walking: the pros and cons based on current evidence. N Z Med J. 2008 Apr 18;121(1272):109-11." I'd really want to get hold of the full version.
I am disappointed, now that I have read the paper (it's much rather an editorial) by Rome et al, they're only talking about children & shoes.
Another study I'd like to read, maybe someone has the full paper.
Br J Sports Med. 2008 Apr 18. [Epub ahead of print]
Is your prescription of distance running shoes evidence based?
Richards CE, Magin PJ, Callister R.
"OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the current practice of prescribing distance running shoes featuring elevated cushioned heels and pronation control systems tailored to the individual's foot type is evidence based.
...
CONCLUSION: The prescription of this shoe type to distance runners is not evidence based."
Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence, though. Yet it may hint at something. Is cushoning bad or useless?
Int J Sports Med. 2008 Jun;29(6):512-8. Epub 2007 Nov 16.
Barefoot-shod running differences: shoe or mass effect?
Divert C, Mornieux G, Freychat P, Baly L, Mayer F, Belli A
"The results show that there was a significant mass effect but no shoe effect for oxygen consumption...Net efficiency, which has metabolic and mechanical components, decreased in the shod condition...a decrease of the storage and restitution of elastic energy capacity which could explain the lower net efficiency reported in shod running."
I don't see anything good coming out of cushioning, but I don't have access to those studies so I really can't tell. Still I can't answer if going barefoot is good for injury prevention, strengthening, prehab/rehab or sports performance (disregarding the mass effect).