I agree that some people waaaaay overdo exercise. You see these old guys, thin as a rail, clad in lycra and going on 2-3 hour runs everyday. They look like crap too. Likewise the serious lifters who've been taxing their muscles their entire lives look liike shit too. However for people who have a good diet and take lots of antioxidants, I think moderate exercise is excellent and has proven benefits, especially cardiovascularly. I love being in good physical shape.
Good point. While we're far from understanding the specifics of metabolism and aging and exercise, early evidence indicates that the oxidative stress of exercising, which can only be a bad thing without compensatory mechanisms, is actually good for us. The reason it's good is two-fold: it "tunes" our mitochondria, improving their efficiency and lowering oxidant production for the 23.5 hours a day we're not exercising. Second, the increased oxidative load increases the production of enzymatic anti-oxidants and DNA repair enzymes in the places they're needed, e.g. in mitochondria and near the DNA [1].
(As a sidenote, taking antioxidants right before exercise can be counterproductive, because the antioxidants will reduce the oxidative load during exercise, and will hence prevent the formation of enzymatic anti-oxidants, reducing the effectiveness of the exercise. [2,3])
Now if you increase your oxidative load by 1000% over baseline for a half an hour, and then your oxidative load is reduced by 10% under baseline for the next 47.5 hours (assuming you work out every other day), then you actually come out fairly neutral with respect to cumulative oxidative damage. The increase in enzymatic antioxidants probably is the extra benefit to offset this amount and make the exercise worth it.
On the other hand, if you work out three hours a day, then you will most definitely be coming out behind, and I doubt that the extra enzymes could even come close to mopping up that kind of damage. You could literally be subtracting years from your remaining lifespan if you exercise that much. I vaguely recall that stresses like exercise might help get rid of mutant mitochondria [4,5], so this might further offset the oxidative damage, by reducing the oxidative output associated with mutants. Of course, according to the reductive hotspot hypothesis [6-8], faulty mitos probably aren't adding much anyway, so this would only matter in old age when the number of completely mitochondrially defective cells is at its highest.
How much exercise is too much is an open question, but 2-3 hours a day seems like it's probably too much. It'd be good to know where the point of diminishing returns is, but I don't know how a study could be conducted to determine this.
(1) Sato Y, Nanri H, Ohta M, Kasai H, Ikeda M.
Increase of human MTH1 and decrease of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA by acute and chronic exercise in healthy male subjects.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 May 30;305(2):333-8.
PMID: 12745079 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
(2) Kondo M, Yanase S, Ishii T, Hartman PS, Matsumoto K, Ishii N.
The p38 signal transduction pathway participates in the oxidative stress-mediated translocation of DAF-16 to Caenorhabditis elegans nuclei.
Mech Ageing Dev. 2005 Jun-Jul;126(6-7):642-7. Epub 2005 Jan 11.
(3) Kondo M, Yanase S, Ishii T, Hartman PS, Matsumoto K, Ishii N.
DECREASING XANTHINE OXIDASE MEDIATED OXIDATIVE STRESS PREVENTS USEFUL CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE IN RATS.
J Physiol. 2005 Jun 2; [Epub ahead of print]
(4) CR Society archive link:
Roughing up mitochondria may eliminate the losers from the pack(5) Priault M, Salin B, Schaeffer J, Vallette FM, di Rago JP, Martinou JC.
Impairing the bioenergetic status and the biogenesis of mitochondria triggers mitophagy in yeast.
Cell Death Differ. 2005 Jun 10; [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 15947785 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
(6) de Grey, ADNJ
A proposed refinement of the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging.
Bioessays. 1997 Feb;19(2):161-6. Review.
PMID: 9046246 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
(7) de Grey, ADNJ
The reductive hotspot hypothesis of mammalian aging: membrane metabolism magnifies mutant mitochondrial mischief.
Eur J Biochem. 2002 Apr;269(8):2003-9. Review.
PMID: 11985576 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
(8) de Grey, ADNJ
The reductive hotspot hypothesis: an update.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 Jan 1;373(1):295-301. Review.
PMID: 10620352 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]